Chapter 15 Airway Management: Vital Vocabulary Flashcards
A method used to predict difficult intubation. A mouth opening of less than three fingerbreadths, a mandible length of less than three fingerbreadths, and a distance from hyoid bone to thyroid notch of less than two fingerbreadths indicate a possibly difficult airway.
3-3-2 rule
Abdominal thrusts performed to relieve a foreign body airway obstruction.
Abdominal thrust maneuver
The muscles not normally used during normal breathing; include the sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck, he petoralis major muscles of the chest, and the abdominal muscles.
Accessory muscles
A chemical neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Abnormal
Adventitious
The pressure gradient against which the heart must pump; an increase can decrease cardiac output.
Afterload
Slow, shallow, irregular respiration’s or occasional gasping breaths that result from cerebral anoxia.
Agonal gasps
An absence of oxygen
Anoxia
An inability to remember events after the onset of amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to speak.
Aphonia
The continued alveolar uptake of oxygen, even when the patient is Aeneid; can be facilitated by administering oxygen via nasal cannula during intubation.
Apneic oxygenation
Prolonged gasping inspirations followed by extremely short, ineffective expirations; associated with brainstem insult.
Apneustic respirations
Unequal movement of the two sides of the chest; indicates decreased airflow into one lung.
Asymmetric chest wall movement
A portable mechanical ventilator attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation (such as rate and tidal volume) to be set.
Automatic transport ventilator (ATV)
A manual ventilation device that consists of a bag, mask, reservoir, and oxygen inlet; capable of delivering up to 100% oxygen.
Bag-mask device
Trauma resulting from excessive pressure.
Barotrauma
Sedative-hypnotic drugs that provide muscle relaxation and mild sedation; include drugs such as diazepam (Valium) and midazolam (Versed).
Benzodiazepines
An effective technique to improve laryngoscopic view of the vocal cords by external manipulation of the larynx.
Bimanual laryngoscopy
A form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation that delivers two pressures (a higher inspiratory positive airway pressure, and a lower expiratory positive airway pressure).
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP)
Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respiration’s with intermittent periods of apnea; result from increased intracranial pressure.
Biot (ataxic) respirations
An oxygen flowmeter that is commonly used because it is not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position.
Bourdon-gauge flowmeter
A combination of the tracheal and vesicular breath sounds; heard where airways and alveoli are found, the upper part of the sternum and between the scapulas.
Bronchovesicular sounds
The backward, upward, and rightward pressure used during intubation to improve the laryngoscopic view of the glottic opening and vocal cords; also called external laryngeal manipulation.
BURP maneuver
A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube and ventilation device; provides graphic information about the presence of exhaled carbon dioxide.
Capnographer
A device that performs the same function and attaches in the same way as a capnographer but provides a digital reading of the exhaled carbon dioxide.
Capnometer
A device that measures absorption at several wavelengths to distinguish oxyhemoglobin from carboxyhemoglobin.
Carbon monoxide oximeter
Hemoglobin loaded with carbon monoxide.
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
A gradually increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease with intermittent periods of apnea; associated with brainstem insult.
Cheyenne-Stokes respirations
A supraglottic airway device with a shape that allows the device with a shape that allows the device o slide easily along the hard palate and to hold the soft tissue away from the laryngeal inlet.
Cobra perilarygeal airway (CobraPLA)
A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube and ventilation device; uses special paper that should turn from purple to yellow during exhalation, indicating the presence of exhaled carbon dioxide.
Colorimetric carbon dioxide detector
A multilumen airway device that consists of a single tube with two lumens, two balloons, and two ventilation ports; an alternative device if endotracheal intubation is not possible or has failed.
Combitube
A method of ventilation that delivers a single pressure, used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A system used to predict intubation difficulty based on the airway structures observed during laryngoscopy.
Cormack-Lehane classification
The breath sounds produced as fluid-filled alveoli pop open under increasing inspiratory pressure; can be fine or coarse; formerly called rales.
Crackles
A blade designed to fit into the vallecula, indirectly lifting the epiglottis and exposing the vocal cords; also called the Macintosh blade.
Curved laryngoscope blade
Blue or purple skin; indicates inadequate oxygen in the blood.
Cyanosis
A procedure in which a patient is sedated for the purpose of preoxygenation prior to the administration of a paralytic and intubation.
Delayed sequence intubation (DSI)
The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen in the lungs with oxygen saturation level during intubation.
Denitrogenation
A drug that competitively binds with the acetylcholine receptor sites but is not affected as quickly by acetylcholinesterase; an example is succinylcholine chloride.
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
A method of intubation that involves directly palpating the glottic structures and elevating the epiglottis with the middle finger while guiding the endotracheal tube into the trachea by using the sense of touch.
Digital intubation
Visualization of the airway with a laryngoscope.
Direct laryngoscopy
A medication that distorts perception of sight and sound and induces a feeling of detachment from environment and self.
Dissociative anesthetic
Difficulty speaking
Dysphonia
Difficult or labored breathing.
Dyspnea
A tube that is inserted into the trachea for definitive airway maintenance; equipped with a distal cuff, proximal inflation port, a 15/22-mm adapter, and centimeter markings on the side.
Endotracheal (ET) tube
Inserting an endotracheal tube through the glottic opening and sealing the tube with a cuff inflated against the tracheal wall.
Endotracheal (ET) intubation
Devices that detect the presence of carbon dioxide in exhaled air.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitor
A leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing.
Epiglottis
A bulb or syringe that is attached to the proximal end of the of the endotracheal tube; a device used to confirm proper endotracheal tube placement.
Esophageal detector device
The process of removing the endotracheal tube from an intubated patient.
Extubation
Performing intubation at the same level as the patient’s face; used when the standard position is not possible. In this position, the laryngoscope is held in the provider’s right hand and the endotracheal tube in the left.
Face-to-face intubation
Brief, uncoordinated twitching of small muscle groups in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities; may be seen after the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (succinylcholine chloride)
Fasciculations
An automatic reaction when something touches an area deep in the oral cavity that helps protect the lower airway from aspiration.
Gag reflex
The enlargement or expansion of the stomach, often with air; can be a complication of ventilating the esophagus instead of the trachea.
Gastric distention
A tube that is inserted into the stomach to remove its contents.
Gastric tube
A flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea. Also called a tracheal tube introducer.
Gum elastic bougie
Manual airway maneuver that involves tilting the head back while lifting up on the chin; used to open the airway of an unresponsive non trauma patient.
Head tilt-chin lift maneuver
An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to combine with oxygen.
Hemoglobin