Ch 8 Anatomy and Physiology (part 1)

Question 1

The study of the structure and makeup of the organism.

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

The study of the processes and functions of the body.

Answer 2

physiology

Question 3

The study of how body functions change and react when the body encounters disease or when homeostasis is otherwise disturbed.

Answer 3

pathophysiology

Question 4

A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment; processes that balance the supply and demand of the body’s needs.

Answer 4

homeostasis

Question 5

What are the 9 characteristics of life shared by all living things?

Answer 5

absorption, circulation, digestion, excretion, growth, movement, reproduction, respiration, and responsiveness

Question 6

What are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?

Answer 6

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

Question 7

What elements make up 96% of a human body’s weight?

Answer 7

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 8

Small units of an element that vary in size, weight, and how they combine and interact with each other.

Answer 8

atoms

Question 9

What are atoms composed of?

Answer 9

protons, electrons and neutrons

Question 10

Particle that carries a positive charge

Answer 10

proton

Question 11

Particle that carries a negative charge

Answer 11

electron

Question 12

Particle that is neutral

Answer 12

neutron

Question 13

When an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, the atom has ___________.

Answer 13

no net charge

it is neither negative or positive

Question 14

Protons and neutrons are similar in size and mass and are located in the ____.

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

The number of protons in an atom is known as its

Answer 15

atomic number

Question 16

Number of protons and neutrons in an element’s nucleus

Answer 16

atomic weight (atomic mass)

Question 17

Have nuclei with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

Answer 17

isotopes

Question 18

Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms are ___.

Answer 18

ions

Question 19

Ions with a positive charge

Answer 19

cations (+)

Question 20

Ions with a negative charge

Answer 20

anions (-)

Question 21

A type of chemical bond formed from the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

Answer 21

ionic bond

Question 22

Occurs when atoms are bonded to form molecules by sharing electrons.

Answer 22

covalent bond

Question 23

A type of chemical bond formed between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom

Answer 23

hydrogen bonds

Question 24

A substance that can be broken down into the two or more elements contained within it

Answer 24

compound

Question 25

Sugars or starches made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 25

carbohydrates (saccharides)

Question 26

simple sugars

Answer 26

monosaccharides

Question 27

simple sugars made up of 2 to 10 monosaccharides

Answer 27

oligosaccharides

Question 28

double sugars

Answer 28

disaccharides

Question 29

complex sugars

Answer 29

polysaccharides

Question 30

Substances formed in tiny amounts by one specialized organ or group of cells and then carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism to perform regulatory functions

Answer 30

hormones

Question 31

Proteins that detect and destroy foreign substances

Answer 31

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Question 32

How many amino acids make up the proteins that exist in humans and most other living organisms?

Answer 32

22

Question 33

Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds are

Answer 33

peptides

Question 34

The most common lipids in the body

Answer 34

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (which includes cholesterol)

Question 35

Derivatives of an essential fatty acid that are widely distributed in cells throughout the body

Answer 35

prostaglandins

Question 36

The chemical changes that occur within cells that are necessary to maintain life

Answer 36

metabolism

Question 37

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 37

A, D, E, and K

Question 38

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 38

the B group and vitamin C

Question 39

Large organic molecules (macromolecules) formed by the joining of many smaller molecules (nucleotides)

Answer 39

nucleic acids

Question 40

The two types of nucleic acid molecules

Answer 40

DNA and RNA

Question 41

The three forms of RNA in human cells

Answer 41

messenger RNA; transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA

Question 42

A dissolved substance

Answer 42

solute

Question 43

Structures inside the cells, which use oxygen to release energy from nutrients such as glucose and drive cellular metabolic activities

Answer 43

organelles

Question 44

Chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

Answer 44

catalysts

Question 45

Among the most important of all the body's proteins because they catalyze the reactions that sustain life

Answer 45

enzymes

Question 46

A process that changes or alters some of the structures of the enzyme

Answer 46

denaturation

Question 47

Two or more reactants (atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure A+B ----> AB

Answer 47

synthesis reactions

Question 48

Bonds within a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions AB ---> A +B

Answer 48

decomposition reactions

Question 49

Molecules are shuffled around to produce new products | AB + CD ----> AD + CB

Answer 49

exchange reactions

Question 50

Products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were

Answer 50

reversible reactions

Question 51

Chemical reactions occur that result in the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones that the body can use for its own needs

Answer 51

catabolism

Question 52

Powerful energy source of the body and is used to drive chemical reactions

Answer 52

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 53

The building of larger substances from smaller substances, such as the building of proteins from amino acids

Answer 53

anabolism

Question 54

Substances that release ions in water

Answer 54

electrolytes

Question 55

A mixture of two substances ( a solute and a solvent )

Answer 55

solution

Question 56

Fluid that does the dissolving

Answer 56

solvent

Question 57

The substance that contains the dissolved particles

Answer 57

solute

Question 58

The primary cations in the body

Answer 58

sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Question 59

The primary anions in the body

Answer 59

bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate

Question 60

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

Answer 60

acids

Question 61

Electrolyte that releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions

Answer 61

base or alkali