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Test - 2021 Paramedic Pharm > Ch 8 Anatomy and Physiology (part 1) > Flashcards

Ch 8 Anatomy and Physiology (part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the structure and makeup of the organism.

A

anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the processes and functions of the body.

A

physiology

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3
Q

The study of how body functions change and react when the body encounters disease or when homeostasis is otherwise disturbed.

A

pathophysiology

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4
Q

A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment; processes that balance the supply and demand of the body’s needs.

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the 9 characteristics of life shared by all living things?

A

absorption, circulation, digestion, excretion, growth, movement, reproduction, respiration, and responsiveness

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6
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

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7
Q

What elements make up 96% of a human body’s weight?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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8
Q

Small units of an element that vary in size, weight, and how they combine and interact with each other.

A

atoms

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9
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

protons, electrons and neutrons

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10
Q

Particle that carries a positive charge

A

proton

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11
Q

Particle that carries a negative charge

A

electron

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12
Q

Particle that is neutral

A

neutron

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13
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, the atom has ___________.

A

no net charge

it is neither negative or positive

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14
Q

Protons and neutrons are similar in size and mass and are located in the ____.

A

nucleus

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15
Q

The number of protons in an atom is known as its

A

atomic number

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16
Q

Number of protons and neutrons in an element’s nucleus

A

atomic weight (atomic mass)

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17
Q

Have nuclei with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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18
Q

Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms are ___.

A

ions

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19
Q

Ions with a positive charge

A

cations (+)

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20
Q

Ions with a negative charge

A

anions (-)

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21
Q

A type of chemical bond formed from the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

A

ionic bond

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22
Q

Occurs when atoms are bonded to form molecules by sharing electrons.

A

covalent bond

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23
Q

A type of chemical bond formed between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom

A

hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

A substance that can be broken down into the two or more elements contained within it

A

compound

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25
Q

Sugars or starches made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

carbohydrates (saccharides)

26
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

27
Q

simple sugars made up of 2 to 10 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

28
Q

double sugars

A

disaccharides

29
Q

complex sugars

A

polysaccharides

30
Q

Substances formed in tiny amounts by one specialized organ or group of cells and then carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism to perform regulatory functions

A

hormones

31
Q

Proteins that detect and destroy foreign substances

A

antibodies (immunoglobulins)

32
Q

How many amino acids make up the proteins that exist in humans and most other living organisms?

A

22

33
Q

Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds are

A

peptides

34
Q

The most common lipids in the body

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (which includes cholesterol)

35
Q

Derivatives of an essential fatty acid that are widely distributed in cells throughout the body

A

prostaglandins

36
Q

The chemical changes that occur within cells that are necessary to maintain life

A

metabolism

37
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

38
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

the B group and vitamin C

39
Q

Large organic molecules (macromolecules) formed by the joining of many smaller molecules (nucleotides)

A

nucleic acids

40
Q

The two types of nucleic acid molecules

A

DNA and RNA

41
Q

The three forms of RNA in human cells

A

messenger RNA; transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA

42
Q

A dissolved substance

A

solute

43
Q

Structures inside the cells, which use oxygen to release energy from nutrients such as glucose and drive cellular metabolic activities

A

organelles

44
Q

Chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

A

catalysts

45
Q

Among the most important of all the body’s proteins because they catalyze the reactions that sustain life

A

enzymes

46
Q

A process that changes or alters some of the structures of the enzyme

A

denaturation

47
Q

Two or more reactants (atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure
A+B —-> AB

A

synthesis reactions

48
Q

Bonds within a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions
AB —> A +B

A

decomposition reactions

49
Q

Molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

AB + CD —-> AD + CB

A

exchange reactions

50
Q

Products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were

A

reversible reactions

51
Q

Chemical reactions occur that result in the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones that the body can use for its own needs

A

catabolism

52
Q

Powerful energy source of the body and is used to drive chemical reactions

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

53
Q

The building of larger substances from smaller substances, such as the building of proteins from amino acids

A

anabolism

54
Q

Substances that release ions in water

A

electrolytes

55
Q

A mixture of two substances ( a solute and a solvent )

A

solution

56
Q

Fluid that does the dissolving

A

solvent

57
Q

The substance that contains the dissolved particles

A

solute

58
Q

The primary cations in the body

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

59
Q

The primary anions in the body

A

bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate

60
Q

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

A

acids

61
Q

Electrolyte that releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions

A

base or alkali

Test - 2021 Paramedic Pharm (34 decks)

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