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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9, Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9, Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS

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3
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

The CNS contains..

A

The brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

The PNS contains….

A

Everything else

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7
Q

The PNS includes

A

The Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System

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8
Q

The Somatic Nervous System

A

Is Voluntary

Skeletal Muscle

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9
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary - such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and various glands
Contains 2 parts - the Sympathetic and the ParaSympathetic

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10
Q

Sympatheic

A

“Fight or flight”

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

“At rest”

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs

Listed by Roman Numerals

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13
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs

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14
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve Cells

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15
Q

Nerve Cells

A

Neurons

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16
Q

Nerve Cells

A

ARE NOT NERVES

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17
Q

Neurons

A 
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
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18
Q

Neurons

A

10 Trillion of them in the body!

The brain has about 100 billion!

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19
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon

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20
Q

Soma

A

The cell body

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21
Q

Axon

A

Sends the impulse AWAY from the cell body

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Numerous Extensions
Short branches
RECEIVE the impulse

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23
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons

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24
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating layers of myelin around axons within the brain or spinal cord

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25
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The narrow gaps on the axon between the myelin

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26
Q

Neuron Cell Membrane

A

Is selectively permeable

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27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

In the PNS
Produce Myelin Sheath around axons of myelinated neurons in the PNS
Neuroglia

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28
Q

3 STRUCTURAL types of neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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29
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Very common in the CNS
Have many processes - only one process is an axon, the rest are dendrites
Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are multipolar

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30
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Have only two processes - one axon, one dendrite

Found in the eyes, ears, and nose

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31
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Found in specialized masses of nervous tissues called ganglia
Sensory neurons are unipolar

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32
Q

3 FUNCTIONAL groups of neurons

A

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

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33
Q

Impulse

A

Can only travel in one direction

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34
Q

Myelin

A

A lipoprotein that speeds up the impulse

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35
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

AKA: Afferent Neurons

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36
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

AKA: Sensory Neurons

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37
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Most are unipolar
Travel TO the CNS
Afferent - Travel TOWARD the brain and spinal cord
Have receptors at the end of their dendrites

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38
Q

Afferent

A

Toward

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39
Q

Interneurons

A

AKA: Association Neurons

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40
Q

Association Neurons

A

AKA: Interneurons

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41
Q

Interneurons

A

Found ONLY in the CNS
Are multipolar
Some aggregate in masses of nervous tissue called nuclei
(nuclei are similar to ganglia, but are in the the CNS) and oh crap I have no idea what that means

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42
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another
They may direct incoming sensory impulses to the appropriate part of the CNS for processing and interpretation.

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43
Q

Motor Neurons

A

AKA: Efferent Neurons

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44
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

AKA: Motor Neurons

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45
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Travel AWAY from the CNS to EFFECTORS

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46
Q

Efferent

A

Away from

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47
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles, glands, or organs

Something that can change the EFFECT on the body

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48
Q

Neurolimma

A

Outer layers formed from Schwann Cells on the exterior of some axons
Outside of the myelin sheath
Help to repair damage when nerves are damaged

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49
Q

Neuron Cell body

A

AKA: Soma

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50
Q

Soma

A

AKA: Neuron Cell body

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51
Q

Neuron cell body includes

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Organelles
Neurofilaments (I have no idea what these are either, or crap, I am going to fail this test)

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52
Q

Soma Organelles

A

The main players are gogli apparatus, lysomes, and mitochondria

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53
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Fine, threadlike network which extend from the cell body and are the entire length of an axon

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54
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that an axon secretes that stimulates or inhibits an effector

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55
Q

Nervous Tissue Including supporting cells is called

A

Neuroglial cells

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56
Q

Glial

A

glue

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57
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

One in the CNS

4 types: Microglial, astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrites

58
Q

Neurons CANNOT EXIST

A

without neuroglial cells

59
Q

Neuroglial

A

Outnumber neurons 3 to 1

60
Q

Microglial

A

Smallest
Scattered about the CNS
Phagocytic
Help form scars

61
Q

Oligodendrites

A

Line up next to nerve fibers

Provide the myelin sheath around the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

Astrocytes

A

Are pretty

63
Q

Astrocytes

A

Commonly found between neurons and blood vessels
Provide structural support
Join other structures to regulate the content of nutrients and ions within tissue
Also help form scar tissue

64
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Form an epithelial like membrane that covers specialized parts of the brain called choroid plexuses
Form the inner lining that enclose spaces in the brain (ventricles) and in the spinal cord (central canal)
Have a lot to do with CSF

65
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory branch of a spinal nerve where it joins the spinal cord

66
Q

Meninges

A

3 layer membrane around the brain and spinal cord

For protection

67
Q

Epidural Space

A

Between the vertebrae and the spinal cord
Site of an epidural block
Loose connective tissue

68
Q

Layer 1: Dura Mater

A

Outermost layer
Tough, white, fibrous tissue
Vascular - many blood vessels and nerves
Attaches to the inside of the cranial cavity
Continues into the vertebral canal and ends at the tip of the cord

69
Q

Subdural Space

A

Below the dura mater
Contains loose connective and adipose tissues
Tissues “pad” the spinal cord

70
Q

Layer 2: Arachnoid Mater

A

Thin, web-like membrane
No blood vessels
Middle layer

71
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Contains CSF (CerebroSpinal fluid)

72
Q

Layer 3: Pia Mater

A

Very thin
Many nerves and many blood vessels that provide nourishment to the cells of the brain and spinal cord
Closely touches the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

CSF

A

CerebroSpinal Fluid

74
Q

CSF

A

98% Water

2% Nutrients

75
Q

CSF

A

We make it and drain it 2-3 times a day (600-700ml/day)
Fluid should be clear
Housed in the ventricles of the brain

76
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Extends from the base of the brain, to the 1-L2 area, then comes to a point
Ends at the Cauda Equina (horse’s tail)

77
Q

Functions of the Spinal Cord

A

Conducting impulses to and from the brain

Serves as a center for spinal reflexes

78
Q

Spinal Cord

A

About 18 inches long

79
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Thickening in the neck region, called the cervical enlargement, gives rise to the upper limbs
Thickening in the lower back, called the lumbar region, gives rise to the lower limbs

80
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs
Part of the PNS
Branch to various part of the body, then connect them with the CNS

81
Q

Nerves

A

Serve the left AND the right side of the body

Have ASCENDING and DESCENDING tracts

82
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

Carry sensory information TO the brain

83
Q

Descending Tracts

A

Carry motor impulses FROM the brain, down the spinal cord, and out to the muscles and gland

84
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Can act independently from the brain (example: reflexes)

85
Q

Remember, spinal nerves…

A

DO NOT have the same break down as vertebrae

86
Q

Cervical Nerves

87
Q

Thoracic Nerves

88
Q

Lumbar Nerves

89
Q

Sacral Nerves

90
Q

Coccygeal Nerves

91
Q

Ventricles

A

Spaces within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
Contain CSF
4 Ventricles

92
Q

1st and 2nd Ventricles

A

Are the largest
“Lateral” ventricles
Extend into the cerebral hemispheres and occupy parts of the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes

93
Q

3rd Ventricle

A

Narrow Space

In the mid-brain, beneath the corpus collosum

94
Q

4th Ventricle

A

In the brainstem, just in front of the cerebellum
Cerebral Aquaduct connnects the 4th to the 3rd and passes lengthwise through the brainstem
Openings in its “walls” that lead into the subarachnoid space

95
Q

The brain is composed of…

A

More than 100 billion multipolar neurons

96
Q

The brain has 4 major portions

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

97
Q

Cerebrum

A

Has 2 hemispheres - right and left
Longitudinal Fissure separates the right and left
Transverse Fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

98
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Structure that connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Broad, flat bundle of axons

99
Q

Cerebrum Surface

A

Has many grooves and fissures to allow for more surface area, for neural tissue
Allows for higher level thinking

100
Q

Sulcas

A

The shallow grooves of the cerebrum

101
Q

Gyri

A

The ridges of the cerebrum

102
Q

Fissures

A

The deep groves of the surface of the cerebrum

103
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Anterior parts of each hemisphere
Where our thinking occurs
Motor cortex - tells muscles to move

104
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Below the frontal and parietal lobes

Separated by the lateral sulcus

105
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Posterior to the frontal lobe and separated by the central sulcas
Receives all sensory information

106
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Posterior part of each hemisphere

Visual

107
Q

Insula

A

Deep in the lateral sulcus and covered by parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
A circular sulcas separates the insula from the other lobes

108
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A think layer of gray matter on all lobes of the cerebrum
Outermost part of the cerebrum
Contains nearly 75% of all neuron cells in the nervous system

109
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A 
Provides higher brain functions
Interprets sensory impulses
Centers for initiating voluntary muscle movement
Stores memory and uses it to reason
Intelligence
Personality
110
Q

Functional Areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Sensory
Association
Motor

111
Q

Diencephalon

A

Has the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus

112
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory impulses arriving to the cerebral cortex from other parts of the nervous system
It receives all the sensory impulses EXCEPT those associated with the sense of smell

113
Q

Thalamus

A

Sends sensory impulses to the appropriate regions of the brain for interpretation
All regions of the cerebral cortex can communicate with the Thalamus by means of descending fibers

114
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connected by nerve fibers to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and other parts of the brain stem

115
Q

Hypothalamus regulates….

A 
Heart rate and arterial blood pressure
Body temperature
Water and electrolyte balance
Hunger and weight
Movements and secretions of the stomach
Production of hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete pituitary hormones
Sleep and wakefullness
116
Q

Limbic Systen

A

In the diencephalon

Hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal nuclei interconnect with parts of the cerebral cortex

117
Q

Limbic System

A

Controls emotional experiences and expressions
Can modify how you act by producing feelings such as fear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow
Recognizes upset in the physical and psychological conditions that may threaten life
Guides behavior that increases chance of survival

118
Q

Limbic system

A

Controls:
Emotional experience
Expression

119
Q

Brain stem

A

Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

120
Q

Brain stem

A

Has numerous tracts of nerve fibers and nuclei

The nuclei are masses of gray matter

121
Q

Brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

122
Q

Brain stem

A

Bundle of nervous tissues
Connects cerebrum to the spinal cord
Numerous tracts of nerve fibers and several nuclei
Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

123
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains bundles of myelinated axons that join lower parts of the brain stem and spinal cord with higher parts of the brain
Masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers
Two are: Vision and auditory reflexes

124
Q

Pons

A

Longitudinal parts relay impulses from medulla oblongata and the cerebrum

125
Q

Pons

A

Anterior transmits impulses FROM the cerebrum to centers in the cerebellum

126
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Part of the brain stem between the pons and the spinal cord

127
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Ina godda davida….

128
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

All ascending and all descending nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord must pass through the medulla oblongata

129
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls visceral activities
Cardiac - regulating heart and heart rate
Vasomotor - regulating blood pressue
Respiratory - regulating breathing

130
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Sensory impulses reach the R.F, and respond by activating the cerebral cortex to wakefullness

131
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Decreased activity results in sleep

132
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Injury to the RF results in a comatose state

133
Q

Cerebellum

A

Has 2 hemispheres

134
Q

Cerebellum location

A

Located beneath the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata

135
Q

Cerebellum

A

Communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of 3 pairs of tracts called cerebral peduncles
Mostly white matter and a think layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex

136
Q

Cerebellum Reflex Center

A

Not a store

137
Q

Cerebellum Reflex Center

A

Integrating sensory information concerning positioning of body parts
Coordinating complex muscle movements
Helps maintain posture

138
Q

Nitric Oxcide

A

CNS - may play a role in memory

PNS - vasodilation

139
Q

Acetylcholine

A

CNS - controls skeletal muscle actions
PNS - stimulates skeletal muscle contractions at neuromuscular junctions
May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions

140
Q

Monamines

A

Group of compounds, which form modified amino acids

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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