Chapter 4 - Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
an-
without
ana-
up
cata-
down
mut-
change
-zym
causing to ferment
enzymes
Special proteins that allow chemical reactions in the body to proceed fast enough to sustain life.
They control all of the interrelated reactions of cellular metabolism.
Anabolism
Provides the biochemicals required for cell growth and repair.
Synthesis build up of larger molecules from smaller one.
Catabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
Metabolism
The reactions of anabolism and catabolism together.
The combined chemical reactions use or release energy.
Dehydration Synthesis
An anabolic reaction that joins many simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) to form larger glycogen molecules.
Hydrolysis
A catabolic reaction which breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and splits a water molecule in the process.
Catalyst
Chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions, but is not permanently altered by the reaction.
Activation Energy
Lowering the amount of energy used to start chemical (metabolic) reactions.
Catalysis
The acceleration of enzymes to speed metabolism
Substrate
Target of enzyme action.
Each enzyme is specific acting only on a particular molecule, which is called its substrate.
Catalase
An enzyme that speeds breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2, preventing accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which can damage cells.
Active Site
Part of an enzyme molecule that temporarily binds a substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
Metabolic Pathways
Sequences of enzyme controlled reactions that lead to synthesis or breakdown of particular biochemicals.
Rate-limiting Enzyme
A regulatory enzyme that controls and entire pathway and it is generally the first enzyme in a series.
Cofactor
Smaller ions or elements that must combine with an enzyme for it to be active.
Coenzyme
Small organic molecule.
Energy
The capacity to change something.
It is the ability to do work.
Oxidation
Process by which O2 combines with another chemical.
Removal of hydrogen or the loss of electrons.
Opposite of reduction.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
ATP
Organic molecule that transfers energy, used in cellular processes.
Each contains a chain of three linked chemical groups called phosphates.
Cellular Resperiation
A biochemical pathway that releases energy from organic compounds.
Consists of 3 district, yet interconnected, serious or reactions: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis
The first series of reactions of cellular respiration.
The word “glycolysis” means the breaking down of sugar.
These reactions break a molecule into 2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic Acid
3 Carbon compound that is the breakdown of the 6-carbon sugar glucose into glycolysis.
One glucose molecule splits to yield 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Complete energy releasing breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.
Citric Acid Cycle
Serious of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy.
Kreb’s Cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
Series of metabolic reactions that takes high energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to form ATP, water, CO2, and heat.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
DNA
The genetic code.
Double stranded polymer or nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and the sugar deoxyribose.
Part of chromosomes, in the nucleus.
Replicates prior to cell division.
Contains information for protein synthesis.
Genome
The complete set of genetic instructions for an individual.
Genes
Segments of genomes that encode proteins.
Exome
The part of the genome (1.5%) that encodes protein.
Codon
Set of three contiguous nucleotides of a messenger RNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid.
Translation
Assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule.
Replication
Copying of a DNA molecule.
Takes place during interphase.
Genetic Code
The correspondence of gene and protein building block sequence.
Information for synthesizing proteins encoded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA molecules.
Transcription
The process of synthesizing RNA.
Manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that transmits information for a proteins amino acid sequences to the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Molecule that carries an amino acid to a ribosome in protein synthesis.
mRNA
Messenger RNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Anticodon
Three nucleotides of a transfer RNA molecule that are complimentary to a specific mRNA codon.
The three nucleotides in tRNA.
Proteasomes
Spool shaped structures that misfolded proteins are threaded through.
Expressed
A gene that is transcribed and transferred into a protein.
Kreb’s Cycle
The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is a part of cellular respiration. Named after Hans Krebs, it is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. Its importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest parts of cellular metabolism to evolve.
Cellular Metabolism
The set of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy into cells.
