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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

di-

A

Two

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2
Q

glyc-

A

Sweet

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3
Q

lip-

A

Fat

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4
Q

-lyt

A

Dissolvable

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5
Q

mono-

A

One

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6
Q

poly-

A

Many

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7
Q

Sacchar-

A

Sugar

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8
Q

Syn-

A

With

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9
Q

Chemistry

A

The branch of science that considers the composition of matter and how this composition changes.

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10
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has weight. Includes all liquids, solids, and gases, both in our bodies and our surroundings.

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11
Q

Elements

A

Any of the fundamental chemical substances, each characterized by a distinct type of atom.
A few exist in pure form, but most combine with other elements.
Each element is represented by and 1 or 2 digit symbol.

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12
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element.

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13
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Attractive force holding atoms together.

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14
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. The dense core of an atom, composed of protons and usually neutrons.
  2. Cellular organelle enclosed by double-layered, porous membrane and containing DNA.
  3. Masses of interneuron cell bodies in the central nervous system.
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15
Q

Electrons

A

Small negatively charged particles that encircle the nucleus of an atom.

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16
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus.

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17
Q

Neutrons

A

Electrically neutral particle in an atomic nucleus.

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18
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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19
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The combined number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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20
Q

Isotopes

A

Atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element, but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Thus, an atom of a different weight that other atoms of that element.

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21
Q

Radioactive

A

Property of some atoms that release energy or pieces of matter at a constant rate.

Unstable Isotopes.

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22
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for an isotope to lose one-half of its radioactivity.

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23
Q

Inert

A

Elements that do not react with other elements.

They have stable structure and are chemically inactive.

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24
Q

Ions

A

Particle that results when an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged.

(What an atom gains or loses electrons.)

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25
Q

Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)

A

Chemical bond that results from the attraction of two oppositely charged ions.

They do not form discrete molecules, instead they form arrays.

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26
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Chemical bond formed by electrons sharing between atoms.

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27
Q

Polar

A

A molecule with equal numbers of protons and electrons, yet having a slightly positive region due to uneven distribution of those charged particles.

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28
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen, between molecules or between different regions of very large molecules.

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29
Q

Molecule

A

Particle composed of two or more bonded atoms.

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30
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more chemically bonded atoms of different elements.

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31
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Abbreviation for the number of atoms of each element in a compound.

Represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.

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32
Q

Structural Formulas

A

Representation of the way atoms bond to form a molecule, using symbols for each element and lines to indicate chemical bonds.

Single line = single bond

Double line = double bond

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33
Q

Synthesis

A

Building large molecules from smaller ones.

Example: When two or more atoms bond to form a more complex structure.

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34
Q

Decomposition

A

Breakdown of molecules.

If the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form.

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35
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which part of two kinds of molecules trade positions. (Trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.)

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36
Q

Acid

A

Substance the ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions.

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37
Q

Ionize

A

To become converted into an ion.

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38
Q

Base

A

Substance that ionizes in water, releasing hydroxide ions (OH) or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions.

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39
Q

Salt

A

Compound composed of oppositely charged ions.

Compound produced by the reaction of an acid and a base.

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40
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

When the product of a reaction can change back to the reactant that originally underwent the reaction.

Symbolized with a double arrow.

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41
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction , but is not permanently altered by the reaction.

42
Q

Electrolyte

A

Substance that dissociates to release ions in water.

43
Q

pH

A

A shorthand system that the acidic or base (alkaline) condition of a solution.

Values range from 0-14; the lower the pH numbers, the more acidic the solution.

44
Q

Neutral

A

Neither acidic nor alkaline; pH of 7.0

45
Q

Acidic

A

A solution with pH less than 7.0%.

46
Q

Basic (Alkaline(

A

A solution with a pH greater than 7.0%.

47
Q

Buffers

A

Substance that can combine with hydrogen ions when they are in excess, or release them when they are in short supply, thus resisting a change in pH.

Alternatively, substance that react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base and thus resisting a change in pH.

48
Q

Organic

A

Chemicals that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

49
Q

Inorganic

A

Chemical substances that do NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

50
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

Substances that do NOT release ions when dissolved in water.

51
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substance that DOES release ions when dissolved in water.

52
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid portion of a solution in which a solute is dissolved.

Substance that other substances dissolve in.

53
Q

Solute

A

Chemical dissolved in a solution.

54
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration.

Provides much of the energy that cells require. They supply materials to build certain cell structures and often are stores as reserve energy supplies.

55
Q

Sugars

A

Sweet tasting carbohydrate.

Among the smallest carbohydrates.

56
Q

Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides)

A

Simple sugar such as glucose or fructose. Or galactose, as well a ribose and deoxyribose.

57
Q

Saccharide

A

Sugar

58
Q

Simple Sugar

A

Monosaccharides

59
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sugar produced by the union of two monosaccharides.

Double sugars.

60
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides.

61
Q

Lipids

A

Group of organic compounds that include triglycerides, (Fats), steroids, and phospholipids.

Provide energy and cell structure.

Insoluble in water.

62
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat

63
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.

Fat.

Used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. Also provides thermal insulation beneath the skin.

64
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Building block of a triglyceride (fat) molecule.

65
Q

Glycerol

A

Organic compound that is a building block for triglyceride (fat) molecules.

66
Q

Saturated

A

Fatty acid where each carbon atom is bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

67
Q

Unsaturated

A

Fatty acid molecules with double bonds.

68
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acid molecules with many double bonded carbon atoms.

69
Q

Phospholipid

A

Similar to a triglyceride but only has 2 fatty acid chains and in place of a third is a portion that includes a phosphate group.

Used as structural components in cell membranes.

70
Q

Steroids

A

Type of lipid formed of 4 complex rings of carbon and associated with hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Widely distributed in the body and have a variety of functions.

71
Q

Proteins

A

Many serve as structural materials, energy sources, or hormones.

Some combine with carbs and function as receptors on cell surfaces, allowing cells to respond to specific types of molecules.

72
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that detect and destroy foreign substances in the body.

73
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of protein.

Each amino acid has an “amino group” at one end and a “carboxyl group” at the other. They also have a “side chain” or “R group” thought of as the rest of the molecule and the composition of the R group distinguishes one type of amino acid from another.

20 different amino acids make up the proteins of most living organisms.

74
Q

Conformation

A

3 dimensional form of a protein. The conformation of a protein determines its function.

75
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

A molecule formed of a chain of nucleotides.

RNA or DNA.

They form genes and take part in protein synthesis.

76
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building block of a nucleic acid molecule. Consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

77
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

Single stranded polymer of nucleotides in which each nucleotide includes the sugar rubose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (Adenine, uracil, guanine, or sytosine.)

Main location is in the cytoplasm.

mRNA carries transcribed DNA information to cytoplasm and acts as a template for synthesis of protein molecules. tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA.

78
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

The genetic material.

A double stranded polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, or cystonine) and the sugar deoxyribose.

Part of chromosomes, located in the nucleus.

Replicates prior to cell division; contains information for protein synthesis.

79
Q

Inorganic Molecule - Water

A

H2O. Medium in which most chemical reactions occur.

80
Q

Inorganic Molecule - Oxygen

A

O2. Used in energy releases from glucose molecules.

81
Q

Inorganic Molecule - Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2. Waste product that results from metabolism.

82
Q

Inorganic Ions - Bicarbonate Ions

A

HCO3. Helps maintain acid-base balance

83
Q

Inorganic Ions - Calcium Ions

A

Ca+2. Necessary for bone tissue.

84
Q

Inorganic Ions - Carbonate Ions

A

CO3/-2. Component of bone tissue.

85
Q

Inorganic Ions - Chloride Ions

A

CI-. Major extracellular negatively charged ions

86
Q

Inorganic Ions - Hydrogen Ions

A

H+. pH of the internal environment

87
Q

Inorganic Ions - Magnesium Ions

A

Mg+2. Component of bone tissue.

88
Q

Inorganic Ions - Phosphate Ions

A

PO4/-3. Required for synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids, and other vital substances.

89
Q

Inorganic Ions - Potassium Ions

A

K+. Required for polarization of cell membranes

90
Q

Inorganic Ions - Sodium Ions

A

Na+. Required for polarization of cell membranes.

91
Q

Inorganic Ions - Sulfate Ions

A

SO4/-2. Helps maintain polarization of cell membranes.

92
Q

Saturated Triglycerides

A

More abundant in fatty foods that are solids at room temperature.

93
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

In fatty foods that are liquid at room temperature.

94
Q

Monosaturated Fats

A

Most heart-healthy fats.

95
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions. Metabolism could not occur fast enough to support life without them.

96
Q

Protein Primary Structure

A

The amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain.

97
Q

Protein Secondary Structure

A

Results from the hydrogen bonds between amino acids that are close together in the polypeptide chain.

98
Q

Protein Tertiary Structures

A

Introduces folds due to attraction involving amino acids far apart in the polypeptide chain.

99
Q

Protein Quaternary Structure

A

Protein with more than one polypeptide chain.

100
Q

Denatured

A

When hydrogen bonds in a protein break, the protein’s unique shape may be changed dramatically, or “denatured”.

101
Q

Biomarker

A

A chemical in the body that indicates a disease process or exposure to a toxin.

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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