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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

append-

A

to hang something

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2
Q

cardi-

A

heart

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3
Q

cran-

A

helmut

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4
Q

dors-

A

back

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5
Q

homeo-

A

same

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6
Q

-logy

A

study of

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7
Q

meta-

A

change

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8
Q

pariet-

A

wall

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9
Q

pelv-

A

basin

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10
Q

peri-

A

around

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11
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

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12
Q

-tomy

A

cutting

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13
Q

Antatomy

A

The structure of body parts - their forms and how they are organized.

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14
Q

Physiology

A

Concerns the functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it.

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15
Q

Atoms

A

Microscopic Particles

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16
Q

Molecules

A

Particle composed of two or more bonded atoms

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17
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large molecule, such as protein, starch, or nucleic acid

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18
Q

Cell

A

The structural and functional unit of an organism

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19
Q

Organelles

A

A structure in a cell that carries out specific activities. Composed of aggregates, macromolecules, such as protein, carbs, liquids, and nucleic acid.

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20
Q

Tissue

A

Assembled group of similar cells that perform a specialized function.

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21
Q

Organs

A

Structure containing two or more tissues that perform a specialized function.

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22
Q

Organ Systems

A

Group of organs coordinated to carry out a specialized function.

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23
Q

Organisms

A

Living things.

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24
Q

Body Part Organization

A

Body parts can be described in different levels of organization: Atomic Level, Molecular Level, Cellular Level

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25
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reaction in cells. Together, the physical chemical events obtain, release, and use energy.

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26
Q

Water

A

H2O. The most abundant chemical in the body, required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment for them to take place.
Carries substances within organisms and regulates body temperature,
Water inside cells is intracellular fluid. Water outside cells is extracellular fluid.

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27
Q

Foods

A

Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water.

Some are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and others help regulate vital chemical reactions.

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28
Q

Characteristics of Life

A 
1.   Movement
2,  Responsiveness
3.  Growth
4.  Reproduction
5.  Respiration
6.  Digestion
7.  Absorption
8.  Circulation
9.  Assimilation
10. Excretion
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29
Q

Oxygen

A

O2. Gas that makes up about 1/5th of ordinary air.

Used to release energy from food substances which in turn drive metabolic processes.

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30
Q

Heat

A

A form of energy.

Product of metabolic reactions and the degree of heat present partly determines the rate of reactions to occur. Generally, the more heat, the faster the reactions.

(Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat.)

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31
Q

Pressure

A

The application of force to something.

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32
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

The force outside the body do to the weight of the air above it.

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33
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure liquid exerts due to the weight of the water above it.

Blood pressure is also a type of hydrostatic pressure.

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34
Q

Internal Environment

A

Conditions inside the body surrounding the cells.

The environment the body’s cells live in.

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35
Q

Homeostasis

A

State in which the bodies internal environment is maintained in the normal range.

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36
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism

A

Any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body.
Shares 3 components: Receptors, Set Point, and Effectors

They maintain a relatively constant internal environment, yet physiological values may vary slightly in a person from time to time or from one individual to another.

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37
Q

Receptors

A

Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the body’s internal environment.

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38
Q

Set Point

A

Tells what a particular value should be, such as body temperature at 37C or 98.6F.

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39
Q

Effectors

A

Bring about the responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

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40
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Mechanism that returns the level of a chemical or other substance or conditions in the internal environment to its set point.

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41
Q

Axial Portion of the Human Organism

A

Includes the head, neck, and trunk.

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42
Q

Appendicular Portion of the Human Organism

A

Includes the upper and lower limbs.

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43
Q

Within the Axial Portion, Cranial Cavity

A

Includes the brain.

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44
Q

Within the Axial Portion, Vertebral Canal

A

Contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone. (Vertebrae)

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45
Q

Within the Axial Portion, Thoracic Cavity

A

The hollow space inside the chest containing the thoracic organs.

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46
Q

Within the Axial Portion, Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs.

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47
Q

Within the Axial Portion, Viscera

A

Contains the organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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48
Q

Diaphragm

A

Broad, thin skeletal (voluntary) muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

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49
Q

Mediastinum

A

Compartment that forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity.

Contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera (heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus) except the lungs, which are on either side of the mediastinum.

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50
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. I

Includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines.

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51
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

The portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones.

Contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.

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52
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Contains the teeth and tongue.

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53
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Located within the nose and divided into left and right portions by a nasal septum/

Several air filled sinuses connect to the nasal cavity, such as the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses.

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54
Q

Orbital Cavities

A

Contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves.

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55
Q

Middle Ear Cavities

A

Contains the middle ear bones

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56
Q

Parietal

A

A membrane attached to the wall of a cavity.

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57
Q

Visceral

A

Refers to a membrane that is deeper - toward the interior, and covers the internal organs such as the lungs.

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58
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Serous membrane that covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity wall.

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59
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung.

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60
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

The parietal and visceral pleura are separated only by a thin film of watery fluid (serous fluid), which they secrete.

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61
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

While there is no actual space between the pleural membranes, the potential space between them is called the pleural cavity.

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62
Q

Percardial Membranes

A

Membrane that surrounds the heart

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63
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

Covers the heart surface and is separated from a parietal pericardium by a small volume of fluid.

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64
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Membrane that forms the outer wall of the pericardial cavity.

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65
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

The potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.

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66
Q

Peritoneal Membranes

A

The membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity.

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67
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.

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68
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Covers each organ in the abdominal cavity.

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69
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum cavities.

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70
Q

Organ Systems

A
  1. Body Covering
  2. Support and Movement
  3. Integration and Coordination
  4. Transport
  5. Absorption and Excretion
  6. Reproduction
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71
Q

Integumentary System

A

The organ system that includes the skin and its accessory structures, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

These parts protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products.

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72
Q

Skeletal System

A

Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilage.

Provides frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues, are attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move.

Tissues with bones also produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

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73
Q

Muscular System

A

Organ System that includes the skeletal muscles.

Muscles provide forces that move body parts. They also maintain posture and are a major source of body heat.

74
Q

Nervous System

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.

75
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that an axon (nerve fiber) secretes at a synapse that stimulates or inhibits an effector (muscle or gland) or other neuron.

76
Q

Target Cell

A

Cell on which a hormone exerts its effect.

77
Q

Endocrine System

A

Includes all the glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

Includes: hypothalamus of the brain, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.

78
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.

The heart forces blood through the vessels. Blood carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste.

It transports O2 from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs.

Also, transports waste to the excratory organs.

79
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymph fluid.

Closely related to the cardiovascular system.

Transports some of the tissue fluid back to the blood stream.

Cells are called lymphocytes and help fight infection.

80
Q

Respiratory System

A

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs.

Move air in and our of the lungs and exchange gases between the blood and the air.

81
Q

Digestive System

A

Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.

Breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into the body fluids.

82
Q

Urinary System

A

Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Kidneys remove waste from the blood and help main the body’s H2O and electrolytes concentrations.

Other parts store urine and transport it to outside the body.

83
Q

Reproductive Systems

A

The organ systems in the male and female that work together to produce offspring.

84
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferential, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra.

Produce and maintain sperm and transport sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.

85
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

Consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.

Produce and maintain female sex cells, receive sperm cells for fertilizing an egg, supports development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and function in the birth process.

86
Q

Anatomical Position

A

A standard position to which terminology refers, in which the body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the sides, and palms forward.

“Right” and “left” refers to the right and left of the body in the anatomical position.

87
Q

Superior

A

Means that a body part is above another body part.

88
Q

Inferior

A

Means that a body part is below another body part.

89
Q

Anterior

A

Means toward the front.

90
Q

Posterior

A

Means toward the back.

91
Q

Medial

A

Refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to midline than another body part.

92
Q

Lateral

A

Means toward the side, away from midline.

93
Q

Bilateral

A

Refers to paired structures, one of which is one each side of midline.

94
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Refers to structures on the same side.

95
Q

Contralateral

A

Refers to structures on the opposite side.

96
Q

Proximal

A

Describes a body part tat is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is.

97
Q

Distal

A

Is the opposite of proximal.

98
Q

Superficial

A

Means situated near the surface.

99
Q

Deep

A

Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts.

100
Q

Sagittal

A

Refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

101
Q

Mediansagittal

A

A sagitall plane that passes along the midline and thus divides the body into equal parts.

102
Q

Transverse (Horizontal)

A

Refers to a plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

103
Q

Frontal (Coronal)

A

Refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

104
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Upper middle portion

105
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

Lie on each side of the Epigastric Region

106
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Middle portion

107
Q

Right and Left Lateral (Lumbar) Regions

A

Lie on each side of the umbilical region

108
Q

Pubic (hypogastric) region

A

Lower middle portion

109
Q

Right and Left Inguinal (Iliac) REgions

A

Lie on each side of the pubic region

110
Q

Abdominal

A

The region between the thorax and pelvis

111
Q

Acromial

A

The point of the shoulder

112
Q

Antebrachial

A

The forearm

113
Q

Antecubital

A

The space in front of the elbow

114
Q

Axillary

A

The armpit

115
Q

Brachial

A

The arm

116
Q

Buccal

A

The cheek

117
Q

Calcaneal

A

The heel

118
Q

Carpal

A

The wrist

119
Q

Celiac

A

The abdomen

120
Q

Cephalic

A

The head

121
Q

Cervical

A

The neck

122
Q

Costal

A

The ribs

123
Q

Coxal

A

The hip

124
Q

Crural

A

The leg

125
Q

Digital

A

Fingers or toes

126
Q

Dorsal

A

The back

127
Q

Femoral

A

The thigh

128
Q

Frontal

A

The forehead

129
Q

Genital

A

The exterior reproductive organs

130
Q

Gluteal

A

The buttocks

131
Q

Inguinal

A

The groin (depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh)

132
Q

Lumbar

A

The loin (region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis)

133
Q

Mammary

A

The breast

134
Q

Mental

A

The chin

135
Q

Nasal

A

The nose

136
Q

Occipital

A

The lower posterior region of the head

137
Q

Oral

A

The mouth

138
Q

Orbital

A

The bony socket of the eye

139
Q

Palmar

A

The palm of the hand

140
Q

Patellar

A

The front of the knee

141
Q

Pectoral

A

The anterior of the chest

142
Q

Pedal

A

The foot

143
Q

Pelvic

A

The pelvis

144
Q

Perineal

A

The perineum (The inferior most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs)

145
Q

Plantar

A

The sole of the foot

146
Q

Popliteal

A

The area behind the knee

147
Q

Sacral

A

The posterior region between the hip bones

148
Q

Sternal

A

The middle of the thorax, anteriorly

149
Q

Sural

A

The calf of the leg

150
Q

Tarsal

A

The ankle

151
Q

Umbilical

A

The navel

152
Q

Vertebral

A

The spinal column

153
Q

Cardiology

A

Branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart disease.

154
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the structure, function and abnormalities of cells. Cytology and Histology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.

155
Q

Dermatology

A

Study of the skin and its diseases.

156
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases.

157
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health related conditions in a defined human population.

158
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases.

159
Q

Geriatrics

A

Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems.

160
Q

Gerentology

A

Study of the aging process.

161
Q

Gynecology

A

Study of the female reproductive system and its diseases.

162
Q

Hematology

A

Study of the blood and blood diseases.

163
Q

Histology

A

Study of the structure and function of tissues. Histology and cytology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.

164
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease.

165
Q

Neonatology

A

Study of newborns and the treatments of their disorders.

166
Q

Nephrology

A

Study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys.

167
Q

Neurology

A

Study of the nervous system and its disorders.

168
Q

Obstetrics

A

Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth.

169
Q

Oncology

A

Study of cancers.

170
Q

Ophthalmology

A

Study of the eye and eye diseases.

171
Q

Orthopedis

A

Branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems.

172
Q

Otalaryngology

A

Study of the ear, nose, and larynx, and their diseases.

173
Q

Pathology

A

Study of the structural and functional changes that diseases cause.

174
Q

Pediatrics

A

Branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases.

175
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases.

176
Q

Podiatry

A

Study of the care and treatment of feet.

177
Q

Psychiatriy

A

Branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders.

178
Q

Radiology

A

Study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

179
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of poisonous substances and their effects on body parts.

180
Q

Urology

A

Branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys (nephrology) and the male reproductive system, and their diseases.

181
Q

Scientific Method

A

Consists of testing a hypothesis, than accepting it or rejecting it based on the results of experiments or observations.

Rather than giving us all the answers, science eliminates the wrong explanations.

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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