Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
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to hang something
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heart
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back
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study of
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change
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wall
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basin
peri-
around
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standing still
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cutting
Antatomy
The structure of body parts - their forms and how they are organized.
Physiology
Concerns the functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it.
Atoms
Microscopic Particles
Molecules
Particle composed of two or more bonded atoms
Macromolecules
Very large molecule, such as protein, starch, or nucleic acid
Cell
The structural and functional unit of an organism
Organelles
A structure in a cell that carries out specific activities. Composed of aggregates, macromolecules, such as protein, carbs, liquids, and nucleic acid.
Tissue
Assembled group of similar cells that perform a specialized function.
Organs
Structure containing two or more tissues that perform a specialized function.
Organ Systems
Group of organs coordinated to carry out a specialized function.
Organisms
Living things.
Body Part Organization
Body parts can be described in different levels of organization: Atomic Level, Molecular Level, Cellular Level
Metabolism
All chemical reaction in cells. Together, the physical chemical events obtain, release, and use energy.
Water
H2O. The most abundant chemical in the body, required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment for them to take place.
Carries substances within organisms and regulates body temperature,
Water inside cells is intracellular fluid. Water outside cells is extracellular fluid.
Foods
Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water.
Some are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and others help regulate vital chemical reactions.
Characteristics of Life
1. Movement 2, Responsiveness 3. Growth 4. Reproduction 5. Respiration 6. Digestion 7. Absorption 8. Circulation 9. Assimilation 10. Excretion
Oxygen
O2. Gas that makes up about 1/5th of ordinary air.
Used to release energy from food substances which in turn drive metabolic processes.
Heat
A form of energy.
Product of metabolic reactions and the degree of heat present partly determines the rate of reactions to occur. Generally, the more heat, the faster the reactions.
(Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat.)
Pressure
The application of force to something.
Atmospheric Pressure
The force outside the body do to the weight of the air above it.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure liquid exerts due to the weight of the water above it.
Blood pressure is also a type of hydrostatic pressure.
Internal Environment
Conditions inside the body surrounding the cells.
The environment the body’s cells live in.
Homeostasis
State in which the bodies internal environment is maintained in the normal range.
Homeostatic Mechanism
Any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body.
Shares 3 components: Receptors, Set Point, and Effectors
They maintain a relatively constant internal environment, yet physiological values may vary slightly in a person from time to time or from one individual to another.
Receptors
Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the body’s internal environment.
Set Point
Tells what a particular value should be, such as body temperature at 37C or 98.6F.
Effectors
Bring about the responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.
Negative Feedback
Mechanism that returns the level of a chemical or other substance or conditions in the internal environment to its set point.
Axial Portion of the Human Organism
Includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Appendicular Portion of the Human Organism
Includes the upper and lower limbs.
Within the Axial Portion, Cranial Cavity
Includes the brain.
Within the Axial Portion, Vertebral Canal
Contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone. (Vertebrae)
Within the Axial Portion, Thoracic Cavity
The hollow space inside the chest containing the thoracic organs.
Within the Axial Portion, Abdominopelvic Cavity
The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs.
Within the Axial Portion, Viscera
Contains the organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Diaphragm
Broad, thin skeletal (voluntary) muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Mediastinum
Compartment that forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity.
Contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera (heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus) except the lungs, which are on either side of the mediastinum.
Abdominal Cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. I
Includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines.
Pelvic Cavity
The portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones.
Contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.
Oral Cavity
Contains the teeth and tongue.
Nasal Cavity
Located within the nose and divided into left and right portions by a nasal septum/
Several air filled sinuses connect to the nasal cavity, such as the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses.
Orbital Cavities
Contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves.
Middle Ear Cavities
Contains the middle ear bones
Parietal
A membrane attached to the wall of a cavity.
Visceral
Refers to a membrane that is deeper - toward the interior, and covers the internal organs such as the lungs.
Parietal Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity wall.
Visceral Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung.
Pleural Membranes
The parietal and visceral pleura are separated only by a thin film of watery fluid (serous fluid), which they secrete.
Pleural Cavity
While there is no actual space between the pleural membranes, the potential space between them is called the pleural cavity.
Percardial Membranes
Membrane that surrounds the heart
Visceral Pericardium
Covers the heart surface and is separated from a parietal pericardium by a small volume of fluid.
Parietal Pericardium
Membrane that forms the outer wall of the pericardial cavity.
Pericardial Cavity
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
Peritoneal Membranes
The membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Parietal Peritoneum
Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers each organ in the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity
The potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum cavities.
Organ Systems
- Body Covering
- Support and Movement
- Integration and Coordination
- Transport
- Absorption and Excretion
- Reproduction
Integumentary System
The organ system that includes the skin and its accessory structures, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
These parts protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products.
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilage.
Provides frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues, are attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move.
Tissues with bones also produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.
Muscular System
Organ System that includes the skeletal muscles.
Muscles provide forces that move body parts. They also maintain posture and are a major source of body heat.
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical that an axon (nerve fiber) secretes at a synapse that stimulates or inhibits an effector (muscle or gland) or other neuron.
Target Cell
Cell on which a hormone exerts its effect.
Endocrine System
Includes all the glands that secrete hormones into the blood.
Includes: hypothalamus of the brain, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.
Cardiovascular System
Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.
The heart forces blood through the vessels. Blood carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
It transports O2 from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs.
Also, transports waste to the excratory organs.
Lymphatic System
Composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymph fluid.
Closely related to the cardiovascular system.
Transports some of the tissue fluid back to the blood stream.
Cells are called lymphocytes and help fight infection.
Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs.
Move air in and our of the lungs and exchange gases between the blood and the air.
Digestive System
Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.
Breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into the body fluids.
Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Kidneys remove waste from the blood and help main the body’s H2O and electrolytes concentrations.
Other parts store urine and transport it to outside the body.
Reproductive Systems
The organ systems in the male and female that work together to produce offspring.
Male Reproductive System
Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferential, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra.
Produce and maintain sperm and transport sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.
Female Reproductive System
Consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
Produce and maintain female sex cells, receive sperm cells for fertilizing an egg, supports development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and function in the birth process.
Anatomical Position
A standard position to which terminology refers, in which the body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the sides, and palms forward.
“Right” and “left” refers to the right and left of the body in the anatomical position.
Superior
Means that a body part is above another body part.
Inferior
Means that a body part is below another body part.
Anterior
Means toward the front.
Posterior
Means toward the back.
Medial
Refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to midline than another body part.
Lateral
Means toward the side, away from midline.
Bilateral
Refers to paired structures, one of which is one each side of midline.
Ipsilateral
Refers to structures on the same side.
Contralateral
Refers to structures on the opposite side.
Proximal
Describes a body part tat is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is.
Distal
Is the opposite of proximal.
Superficial
Means situated near the surface.
Deep
Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts.
Sagittal
Refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
Mediansagittal
A sagitall plane that passes along the midline and thus divides the body into equal parts.
Transverse (Horizontal)
Refers to a plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
Frontal (Coronal)
Refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Epigastric Region
Upper middle portion
Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
Lie on each side of the Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Middle portion
Right and Left Lateral (Lumbar) Regions
Lie on each side of the umbilical region
Pubic (hypogastric) region
Lower middle portion
Right and Left Inguinal (Iliac) REgions
Lie on each side of the pubic region
Abdominal
The region between the thorax and pelvis
Acromial
The point of the shoulder
Antebrachial
The forearm
Antecubital
The space in front of the elbow
Axillary
The armpit
Brachial
The arm
Buccal
The cheek
Calcaneal
The heel
Carpal
The wrist
Celiac
The abdomen
Cephalic
The head
Cervical
The neck
Costal
The ribs
Coxal
The hip
Crural
The leg
Digital
Fingers or toes
Dorsal
The back
Femoral
The thigh
Frontal
The forehead
Genital
The exterior reproductive organs
Gluteal
The buttocks
Inguinal
The groin (depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh)
Lumbar
The loin (region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis)
Mammary
The breast
Mental
The chin
Nasal
The nose
Occipital
The lower posterior region of the head
Oral
The mouth
Orbital
The bony socket of the eye
Palmar
The palm of the hand
Patellar
The front of the knee
Pectoral
The anterior of the chest
Pedal
The foot
Pelvic
The pelvis
Perineal
The perineum (The inferior most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs)
Plantar
The sole of the foot
Popliteal
The area behind the knee
Sacral
The posterior region between the hip bones
Sternal
The middle of the thorax, anteriorly
Sural
The calf of the leg
Tarsal
The ankle
Umbilical
The navel
Vertebral
The spinal column
Cardiology
Branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart disease.
Cytology
Study of the structure, function and abnormalities of cells. Cytology and Histology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
Dermatology
Study of the skin and its diseases.
Endocrinology
Study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases.
Epidemiology
Study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health related conditions in a defined human population.
Gastroenterology
Study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases.
Geriatrics
Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems.
Gerentology
Study of the aging process.
Gynecology
Study of the female reproductive system and its diseases.
Hematology
Study of the blood and blood diseases.
Histology
Study of the structure and function of tissues. Histology and cytology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
Immunology
Study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease.
Neonatology
Study of newborns and the treatments of their disorders.
Nephrology
Study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys.
Neurology
Study of the nervous system and its disorders.
Obstetrics
Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth.
Oncology
Study of cancers.
Ophthalmology
Study of the eye and eye diseases.
Orthopedis
Branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems.
Otalaryngology
Study of the ear, nose, and larynx, and their diseases.
Pathology
Study of the structural and functional changes that diseases cause.
Pediatrics
Branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases.
Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases.
Podiatry
Study of the care and treatment of feet.
Psychiatriy
Branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders.
Radiology
Study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Toxicology
Study of poisonous substances and their effects on body parts.
Urology
Branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys (nephrology) and the male reproductive system, and their diseases.
Scientific Method
Consists of testing a hypothesis, than accepting it or rejecting it based on the results of experiments or observations.
Rather than giving us all the answers, science eliminates the wrong explanations.
