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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

adip-

A

fat

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2
Q

chondr-

A

cartilage

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3
Q

-cyt

A

cell

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4
Q

epi-

A

upon

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5
Q

-glia

A

glue

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6
Q

inter-

A

between

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7
Q

macr-

A

large

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8
Q

os-

A

bone

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9
Q

pseud-

A

false

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10
Q

sqaum-

A

scale

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11
Q

strat-

A

layer

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Cells, the basic unites of structure and function in the human organism, are organized into groups called tissues. Each type of tissue is composed of similar cells with a common function.

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13
Q

4 Major Types of Tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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14
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

One of the basic types of tissues, it covers all free body surfaces.

Varieties are classified by cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, or colomnar) and number of layers (simple, stratisfied, or pseudostratisfied).

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15
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Layer of non living material that anchors epithelial tissue.

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16
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Consist of a single layer of thin, flattened cells. They fit tightly together (like floor tiles) and their nuclei are usually broad and thin.

Substances pass through easily.

Because they are so thin they can be easily damaged.

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17
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Consist of a single layer of cubed shaped cells. They usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei.

Cover the ovaries and lines most of the kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands.

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18
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow part of a structure, such as a blood vessel or intestine.

“Hollow Channel”

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19
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Cells are distinguished by being taller than they are wide.

The tissue is composed of a single layer of cells with elongated nuclei. Located at about the same level, near the basement membrane.

Can be ciliated or non-ciliated.

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Microscopic hair like extensions on the exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells.

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21
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny cylindrical processes extending from the surface of the simple columnar epithelial cells.

They increase the surface area of the cell membrane where it is exposed to substances being absorbed.

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22
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Epithelial cell specialized to secrete mucous.

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23
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appear to be layered, but are not. The effect occurs because the nuclei lie at two or more levels in the row of aligned cells.

Commonly have cilia.

The line the passages of the respiratory system.

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24
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Thick Tissue.

Cells divide in the deeper layers and newer cells push the older ones farther outward, where they flatten.

Names for the shape of their top layer of cells.

Form the superficial layers of the skin.

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25
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer, epithelial layer of skin.

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26
Q

Keratins

A

Intracellular protein in epidermis, hair, and nails.

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27
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Consist of 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen.

Layering provides protection.

They line the ducts of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. They also form the lining for developing ovarian follicles and semi nefarious tubing.

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28
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Several layers of cells.

The superficial are columnar, whereas the basil layers consist of cuboidal cells.

They are found in part of the male urethra and the lining of the larger ducts of glands.

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29
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Uroepithelium

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30
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Specialized to change in response to increased tension.

Form the inner lining of the urinary bladder and line the uterus and the super urethra.

When the walls of one of these organs contracts, the tissues consist of several layers of irregular shaped cells; however, when the organ is distended the tissue stretches and the cells elongate.

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31
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluid.

Usually found within columnar or cuiboidal epithelium and one or more of these cells constitute a gland.

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32
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract.

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33
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete their products into tissue or blood.

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34
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

Eccrine Glands

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35
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

Glands that release fluid by exocytosis.

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36
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

Merocrine Glands

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37
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport of substances out of a cell into membrane-bounded vesicles.

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38
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

Glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion.

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39
Q

Holocrine Glands

A

Glands that release entire cells that disintegrate to release cell secretion.

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40
Q

Serous Cells

A

Glandular cell that secretes a watery lubricating fluid. (Serous fluid)

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41
Q

Mucous Cells

A

Glandular cell that secretes mucous.

42
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Have many roles in the body. They bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue damage.

43
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Fibers and ground substances in spaces between cells, especially between connective tissue cells.

44
Q

Fixed Cells

A

Cells that reside in tissue for an extended period of time.

45
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most common type of fixed cells in connective tissue.

Large star shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix.

46
Q

Macrophages

A

Histiocytes

47
Q

Histiocytes

A

Macrophages

48
Q

Macrophages

A

Originate as white blood cells.

Almost as numerous as fibroblasts in some connective tissues.

Specialized to carry on phagocytosis, move about and clear foreign particles from tissues.

“Wandering Cells”

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which a cell engulfs solids from its surroundings.

50
Q

Mast Cells

A

Large and widely distributed in connective tissues.

Usually near blood vessels.

Release heparin and histamine.

Cell to which antibodies are formed in response to allergens attaching, causing the cell to release mediators.

51
Q

Heparin

A

Compound that prevents blood clotting.

52
Q

Histamine

A

Substance that promotes some of the reactions associate with inflammation and allergies.

53
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Thick threads of the protein collagen. They are grouped in long, parallel bundles and are flexible, but only slightly elastic.

They have great tensile strength, they pulling force. They hold structures together and include ligaments and tendons.

54
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to other bones.

55
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bones.

56
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Tissue containing abundant collagen fibers. It appears white, which why collagen fibers are sometimes called “white fibers.”

57
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Has fewer collagen fibers.

58
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Stretchy yellow connective tissue consisting of the protein elastin.

Abundant in body parts normally subjected to stretching, such as the vocal cords.

Sometimes called “yellow fibers” because the tissue appears yellowish.

59
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Thin collagen fibers. Highly branched and form delicate supporting networks in a variety of tissues.

60
Q

Categories of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper: Includes loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
  2. Specialized Connective Tissue: Includes cartilage, blood, and bone.
61
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue.

62
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Connective tissue composed mostly of fibers.

Forms delicate thin membranes throughout the body.

Binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills the space between muscles.

63
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat

64
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat storing tissue.

Lies beneath the skin in spaces between the muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, in certain abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart and around certain joints.

Cushions joints and some organs, insulates beneath the skin, and stores energy in fat molecules.

65
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Thin reticular fibers in a 3-D network. Helps provide the framework of certain internal organs, such as the spleen.

66
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Consists of many closely packed, thick collagen fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers. Very strong.

67
Q

Cartilage

A

Rigid connective tissue.

Provides support, framework, and attachments. Also protects underlying tissue and forms structural models for many developing bones.

68
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells

69
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Fibers and ground substances in spaces between cells, especially between connective tissue.

70
Q

Perichondrium

A

Layer of dense connective tissue that encloses cartilaginous structures.

71
Q

Hyaline Cartlilage

A

The most common type of cartilage.

Has very fine collagen fibers in its extracellular matrix and looks somewhat like white glass.

It is found on the ends of bones, in many joints, the soft part of the nose, and in the supporting rings of the nasal passages.

Important in the grown and development of most bones.

72
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Has a dense network of elastic fibers and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage.

It provides the framework for the external ears and for part of the larynx.

73
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Very tough tissue with many collagen fibers.

It is a shock absorber for structures subjected to pressure. (Example: In between vertebrae.)

Also cushions the bones in the knees and in the pelvic girdle.

74
Q

Bone

A

Osseous Tissue

75
Q

Bone

A

The most rigid connective tissue. Its hardness is largely due to mineral salts, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate between cells.

Internally supports body structures, protects vital parts in the cranial and thoracic cavities and is an attachment for muscles.

Also contains red marrow, which forms blood cells, stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as calcium and phosphorous.

76
Q

2 Types of Bone Tissue

A
  1. Compact

2. Spongy

77
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin layers of bony matrix deposited in compact bone.

78
Q

Central Canals

A

Haversian Canals

79
Q

Central Canals

A

AKA: Haversian Canals.

Tiny channel in bone tissue that contacts a blood vesell.

80
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone Cells

Located in lacunae, which are evenly spaced in the lamellae.

81
Q

Osteon

A

Haversian System

82
Q

Osteon

A

AKA: Haversian System.

A cylinder shaped unit containing bone cells and matrix lamellae that surround a central canal.

83
Q

Blood

A

A connective tissue consisting of cells in a liquid matrix called plasma that circulates through the heart and vessels carrying substances throughout the body.

84
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

Thin, sheet like structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue. They cover body surfaces and line body cavities.

There are 3 types of epithelial membranes:

  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
  3. Cutaneous
85
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Serous membranes line the body cavities that do not open to the outside of the body, They form the inner lining of the thorax (parietal pleura), and abdomen (parietal peritoneum), and cover organs in these cavities (visceral pleura and visceral peritoneum).

Consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of aereolar connective tissue.

The cells of the serous membrane secrete watery serous fluid, which helps lubricate membrane surfaces.

86
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

The cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities and tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.

87
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

Skin

88
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Composed entirely of connective tissues.

Lines joints.

89
Q

Muscle Tissues

A

Contract. Their elongated cells (muscle fibers) can shorten and thicken. As they contract, muscle fibers pull at their attached ends, which moves body parts.

There are 3 types: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

40% of the body (By weight) is skeletal muscle and another 10% is smooth and cardiac combined.

90
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

Elongated Muscle Fibers

91
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Forms muscles that typically attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort.

They move the head, trunk, and limbs and enable us to make facial expressions, write, talk, sing, chew, swallow, and breathe.

Each cell has many nuclei.

92
Q

Voluntary Muscle Tissue

A

Another name for skeletal muscles tissue because it can be consciously stimulated.

93
Q

Striations

A

The long, threadlike cells of skeletal muscle have alternating light and dark cross markings called striations.

94
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Cells to do not have striations. Shorter than skeletal and spindle shaped with a single centrally located nucleus.

Composes the walls of hollow internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.

Cannot be stimulated by conscious effort. (involuntary)

Moves food through the digestive tract constricts blood vessels and empties the urinary bladder.

95
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Another name for smooth muscle tissue because it cannot be consciously stimulated.

96
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Found only in the heart. Cells are striated and branched and joined end to end.

Makes up the bulk of the heart and pumps blood through the heart chambers into the blood vessels.

Each cell has a single nuclei.

97
Q

Intercalated Disc

A

Where one cardiac cell touches another cell in a specialized intercellular junction called an intercalated disc.

98
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

99
Q

Neurons

A

Basic cells of nervous tissue, also called nerve cells.

Sense certain types of changes in their surroundings.

They can coordinate, regulate, and integrate many body functions.

100
Q

Neuroglia

A

Specialized cells of the nervous system that, depending on the type, provide myelin, maintain the ionic environment, provide growth factors that support neurons, provide structural support, and play a roll in cell to cell communications.

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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