Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards
cyt-
cell
endo-
within
hyper-
above
hypo-
below
inter-
between
iso-
equal
mit-
thread
phag-
to eat
pino-
pino
-som
body
Cell
The structural and functional unit of an organism.
Includes a cell membrane cytoplasm and a nucleus.
Cell Membrane
Also called the plasma membrane.
The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with protein.
Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell and is the site of much biological activity.
Helps cells to attach to other cells, which is important when forming tissue.
Nucleus
Houses the DNA and controls cellular activities.
Cytoplasm
The gel-like material that includes the cellular organells. It makes up most of the cells volume.
Organelles
A structure in a cell that has a specific function.
Organelles are suspended in a liquid called cytosol.
They partition off biochemicals that might hurt other cells, dismantle debris, process secretions, and extract energy from nutrients.
Cytoskeleton
A cells framework of protein, filaments, and tubules.
“Cell skeleton”
Selectively Permeable
Also known as semipermeable or differentially permeable.
Means that the cell membrane will only let certain substances enter or leave the cell.
Ribosome
Tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA.
Not enclosed by membranes,
Clusters of ribosomes allow a cell to quickly manufacture proteins (polysomes).
Function in protein synthesis
Vesicles
Fluid filled, bubble like sacs.
Transport substances within and between cells.
Membrane cytoplasmic sac formed by an infolding of the cell membrane or pinching off the membranes within the cell.
Larger vesicles contain mostly H2O when formed.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of 5-8 flattened membranous sacs that resemble pancakes.
Adds sugars to certain proteins and processes them for secretion.
Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion.
A cell may have several Golgi apparatuses.
Mitochondria
Elongated, fluid filled sacs that house most of the biochemical reactions that extract energy from the nutrients in digested food.
Vary in size and shape, and move slowly through the cytoplasm and reproduce by dividing.
Release energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form.
Lysosomes
Tiny membranous sacs that house enzymes that dismantle debris.
Bud off of Golgi membranes.
Maintain the acidic pH that enables them the enzymes to function. At the same time, they shield the rest of the cell from acidic conditions.
Break down nutrients or ingested materials.
Destroy worn cellular parts in a process called autophagy. (“Eating self”)
Isotonic
any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids.
Peroxisomes
Membrainous sacs that are abundant in liver and kidney cells.
House enzymes (different that in lyosomes) that catalyst (speed) a variety of biomedical reactions.
Breakdown hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids and detoxify alcohol.
Microfilament
Tiny rods of the protein actin. They form meshworks or bundles and provide cell motility (movement).
Supports the cytoplasm and helps move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm.
Microtubules
Long slender tubes with diameters 2-3 times those of microfilaments.
Composed of molecules of the globular protein tubulin, attached in a spiral to form a long tube.
Supports the cytoplasm and helps move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm.
Centrosome
A structure near a Golgi apparatus and the nucleus.
It is non membranous and consists of 2 hollow cylinders called centrioles that lie at right angles to each other.
Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division.
Centrioles
Hollow cylinders that lie at right angles to each other. Each is composed of nine groups of 3 microtubules.
During mitosis, the centrioles distribute chromosomes to the newly forming cells.
Cilia
Hair like and anchored beneth the cell membraine. They form in precise patters. They move in a to and fro manner in succession, forming a wavelike motion. The wave moves fluids such as mucus over the top of the surface of certain tissues.
Some have receptors that detect molecules that signal sensations to smells.
Flagella
Much longer than cilia and usually a cell has only one.
They move in an undulating motion, which starts at the base.
The end of sperm cell is a flagellum that allows it to “swim”.
The sperm tail is the only flagellum in humans.
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane surrounding the cell nucleus that separates it from the cytoplasm.
Has protein-lined channels called nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus.
Nucliolis
“Little Nucleus.”
A small dense body composed largely of RNA and protein.
The site of ribosome synthesis.
Chromatin
Consists of loosely coiled fibers of DNA and Protein.
When the cell divides, chromatin fibers coil tightly.
They condense to form chromosomes.
Contains information for synthesizing proteins.
Diffusion
The tendency of molecules or ions in a liquid solution or air to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion in which a carrier molecule transports a substance across a cell membrane and from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into a compartment containing solute that cannot cross that membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
The ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to life a volume of water.
Hypertonic
Solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.
Cells put in it shrink.
Hypotonic
Solutions that have a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.
Cells put in it swell.
Filtration
Movement of material through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by a fluid in response to a force, such as gravity or pumping of the heart. Blood pressure is an example of hydrostatic pressure.
Edema
The formation of excess tissue fluid.
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP. Organic Molecure that transfers energy. Used in cellular processes.
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
Active Transport
A process that moves particles through membranes from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
Endocytosis
Process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws into the cell in a vesicle.
Exocytosis
Transport of substances out a cell in membrane bounded vesicles.
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking.”
Cells take in droplets of liquid from their surroundings.
Phagocytosis
“Cell Eating.”
Cells take in solids rather than liquids
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A type of endocytosis (Transport into a cell in a vesicle from the cell membrane) that is specific because the substances being transported binds to a protein receptor it fits on the cell surface.
Cell Cycle
The series of changes that a cell undergoes, from the time it forms until the time it divides.
Interphase
Before a cell actively divides it must grow and duplicate much a its contents, so that two daughter cells can form from one. This period of preparedness is called interphase.
Meiosis
Cell division that halves the chromosome number, producing egg or sperm cells.
Rare type of the two types of cell division.
gametogenesis
The formation of egg cells (in the female) and sperm cells (in the male).
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Prophase
Stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible in the nucleus when stained and viewed under a microscope.
Metaphase
Stage in mitosis when chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase
Stage in Mitosis when replicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
Stage in mitosis when the two chromosome sets complete movement toward the centrioles and elongate and unwind.
Nuclear envelopes appear around each set of chromosomes and nucleoli form within the new nuclei.
Cell differentiation / differentiation
The process that enables cells to specialize.
Stem cells
Cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing.
Progenitor Cells
Daughter cell of a stem cell whose own daughter cells are restricted to follow specific lineages.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death.
Normal part of cell development, rather than from injury or disease.
Exosomes
Vesicles that deliver proteins and lipids to other cells.
They remove debris, transport immune system molecules from cell to cell, and provide a vast communication network among cells.
Motile Cilia
The cilia that wave secretions out of the respiratory or move an egg toward the uterus.
Two types of cell division
Meiosis and mitosis.
Hyperplasia
Uncontrolled cell division.
