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Histology > Chapter 9 - Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A
  • reception, processing and transmission of electrical and chemical signaling
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2
Q

How many neurons do humans have?

A

> 100 bullion

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3
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • autonomic - automatic responses, generally outside of your control
  • voluntary - things we control
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4
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS - brain and spinal cord
  • PNS - nerves and ganglia
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5
Q

What is the PNS mainly responsible for?

A
  • afferent(sensory) nerves receive info from the environment
  • touch, vision, audition
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6
Q

Neurons in the sensory ganglia have a slightly diff histological appearance than those in the CNS. True or false?

A

True

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7
Q

What is the basic circuitry of an impulse?

A
  • PNS axons have synapses in the sensory ganglia or CNS, info is then processed, then a response is then sent back into the PNS from the efferent neurons
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8
Q

White matter

A
  • axons/dendrites, neuroglia
  • white due to myelin sheaths on some axons
  • appear clear on a slide bc myelin is destroyed during fixing/staining
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9
Q

Gray matter

A

neurons cell bodies and neuroglia

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10
Q

Basic properties of neurons

A
  • irritability, propagation of impulses
  • very large cell body w/ prominent nucleus and nucleolus
  • much larger than glial cells
  • ribosomes are present
  • nonmitotic
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11
Q

What are the cell processes of neurons?

A
  • axons - conduct signals (can be very long, and are (un)myelinated)
  • dendrites - increase surface area, receive signals from other neurons
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12
Q

What organelles are abundant in neurons? What type are well developed?

A
  • RER, golgi
    • possess ribosomes, which are useful for making NTs
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13
Q

What becomes visible in aged neurons? What is it?

A
  • lipofuscin
  • brownish pigment consisting of secondary lysosomes that have digestive material that have not been released from the cell
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14
Q

Where do neurons communicate with each other?

A
  • synapses
  • place of chemical signaling through NTs
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15
Q

What special stains are used for neurons?

A
  • Nissl stains - rough ER
  • osmium stain - myelin sheath
  • silver stain
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16
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A
  • bipolar - 1 axon, 1 dendrite - located in retina, olfactory cells, cochlear and vestibular ganglia
  • multipolar - 1 axon, many dendrites that branch from soma - most numerous
  • unipolar - soma w/ single process that branches immediately - dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia
17
Q

Where are neuroglia more numerous than neurons?

A
  • CNS
18
Q

Basic traits of neuroglia

A
  • structural and nutritional support for neurons
  • role in defense system of CNS
  • most will die w/o glia
  • do not transmit APs
  • do not form synapses
  • capable of mitosis
  • all express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) - unique to glial cells (markers for immunohistochemcial staining)
19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • makes myelin sheath
  • allows for saltatory conduction of APs
20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • generally star shaped, most numerous of the glial cells
  • necessary for controlling extracellular movement
  • ## have end feet that envelop capillaries in the CNS - help to form BBB - protects brain
21
Q

BBB

A
  • blood brain barrier
  • composed of endothelial cells (tight junctions) and astrocyte processes
  • restricts passage of molecules and pathogens into brain tissue
22
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • glial cells in CNS
  • form and assist in circulation of CSF
  • line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • usually cuboidal
23
Q

Microglia

A
  • glial cells in CNS
  • phagocytic cells that are derived from monocytes
  • short, branched processes
24
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • glial cells in PNS
  • form myelin sheaths in PNS, wrap numerous times around axons
  • provides support to unmyelinated axons
  • space btwn adjacent schwann cells are nodes of ranvier
25
Q

CT in PNS

A
  • peripheral nerves are large bundles of nerve fibers (axons)
  • appear white due to myelin
26
Q

Epineurium

A
  • external layer of dense CT in PNS
27
Q

Perineurium

A
  • surrounds the smaller bundles of fibers (fascicles) in PNS
28
Q

Endoneurium

A
  • surrounds each nerve fiber (very thin); reticular fibers, made by schwann cells in PNS
29
Q

What is the CNS protected/cushioned by?

A
  • skull, vertebral column, meninges
30
Q

Meninges

A
  • dura mater - dense regular CT
  • arachnoid - spider like with space beneath is filled by CSF
  • pia mater - innermost layer, processes of glial cells contact it
31
Q

CSF

A
  • cushions bran and spinal cord
  • produced by ependymal cells in the 3rd and 4th ventricles
  • high in glucose, low in protein, has no cells other than occasional lymphocytes
  • reabsorbed by arachnoid into venous system
32
Q

Where are soma in the CNS and PNS?

A
  • CNS - gray matter
  • PNS - ganglia and in specialized sensory regions (olfactory mucosa, vestibular ganglia)
33
Q

Synapses

A
  • points of contact btwn neurons
  • NTs released here and bind to receptors in the post-synaptic membrane
34
Q

Neuronal regeneration

A
  • do not divide in CNS
  • peripheral nerves can regenerate if the soma is not destroyed
  • upon injury, distal portion degenerates
  • Schwann cells proliferate and the proximal portion of an axon can regenerate
  • function can return is it reconnects with the correct schwann cells
35
Q

Polio

A
  • poliomyelitis
  • virus enters motor neurons in ventral horns of SC
  • paralysis occurs if virus kills neurons
  • symptoms: weakness in arms and legs, tremor, trouble speaking and swallowing, post polio syndrome
36
Q

Glioma

A
  • tumor arising from glial cells
  • resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents
  • Avg survival time ~ 12 months, rarely survive more than 3 yrs
37
Q

Alzheimers

A
  • ## neurodegenerative disease that affects memory, coordination and eventually the individuals ability to function
38
Q

What is AZ characterized by?

A
  • amyloid plaques - extracellular deposits of beta amyloid, derived from abnormal proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein
  • Neurofibrillary tangles - tau, a microtubule stabilizing protein, forms abnormal clumps that interfere w/ the cytoskeleton’s microtubules

Histology (24 decks)

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