Chapter 17 - Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions
A
- Transfers O2 from air to blood
- Transfers CO2 from blood to air
- protective mechanisms to eliminate particles and pathogens
2
Q
Conducting portions of the respiratory system
A
- nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
- warms and humidifiers air
- removes particles
3
Q
Respiratory portions of the respiratory system
A
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
- sites of gas exchange
4
Q
What is most of the conducting portion of the RS lined with?
A
- respiratory epithelium
- PSCCE
- goblet cells - secrete mucus
- brush cells - columnar cells w/ cilia, sensory receptors that trigger cough
- basal cells - stem cells to replace ciliated cells, brush cells and goblet cells
- small granule cells - release catecholamines and polypep hormones
5
Q
What are the areas of the conducting portion of the RS above the larynx lined with? What sections are these?
A
- stratified squamous epithelium
- nasal vestibule, oropharynx, epiglottis, vocal folds
6
Q
Trachea
A
- lined with respiratory epithelium
- 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that open posteriorly
- mucus glands
7
Q
Bronchi
A
- branches of trachea
- lined with respiratory epithelium
- smooth muscle bunds in spiral arrangement
- elastic fibers bc they have to expand
- mucus glands
- plates of cartilage, amount decreases with diameter
8
Q
BALT
A
- bronchus associated lymphatic tissue
- nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue in bronchi
9
Q
Bronchioles
A
- terminal branches of bronchi
- no cartilage or glands
- few goblet cells
- epithelium becomes simple columnar as diameter decreases - Clara cells
- diameter determines airflow resistance
10
Q
What is airflow resistance in the bronchioles controlled by?
A
- smooth muscle
- parasym - contraction
- sym - relaxation
11
Q
Terminal bronchioles
A
- the end of the conducting portion, no alveoli
12
Q
Respiratory portion
A
- aka bronchial tree
- alveoli are present
- Clara cells secrete GAGs and proteins that protect the epithelium
- smooth muscle
13
Q
Respiratory bronchioles
A
- beginning of respiratory portion, alveoli are present
- first part of bronchial tree where gas exchange can occur - occurs in alveoli
14
Q
Bronchial tree
A
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
- elastic and reticular fibers for distensibility and support
- alveolar ducts - smooth muscle present, resemble knobs or drumsticks
- alveolar sacs and alveoli
15
Q
Alveolar sacs and alveoli
A
- squamous epithelium
- resemble pockets that air enters for gas exchange
16
Q
Alveoli - Type 1 cells
A
- epithelial cells
- tight junctions
- majority of the lungs surface area
- most numerous cells in the gas exchange tissue
17
Q
Alveoli - Type 2 cells
A
- rounded, usually found where alveoli unite
- pulmonary surfactant - phospholipids, coat alveolar surfaces and reduce surface tension
18
Q
What are alveolar macrophages also called?
A
dust cells
19
Q
Intralveolar septum
A
- capillaries and CT btwn adjacent alveolar epithelial cells
- site of blood air barrier
- Type 1 cell cytoplasm and membrane
- capillary endothelial cell cytoplasm and membrane
- fused basal lamina
- elastic and reticular fibers
20
Q
Immotile ciliary
A
- caused by defect in the protein dynein in cilia and flagella
- causes chronic respiratory tract infections and male infertility
- AKA kartagener’s syndrome
21
Q
COPD
A
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
22
Q
Lung cancer
A
- smoking is top risk factor and exposure to radon and asbestos
- small cell lung carcinoma
- metastasis to adrenal glands, bone, liver and brain
23
Q
What are the two types of lung cancer? How are they treated?
A
- Small cell lung carcinoma - treated with radiation and chemo
- non-small cell lung carcinoma - treated primarily with surgery and chemo depending on stage
