Chapter 9 - Motivation, Stress, and Emotion Flashcards
Extrinsic motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
Intrinsic motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an act because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
Instincts
The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both humans and animals
Drive
A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Drive-reduction theory
Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organisms to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
Primary drives
Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
Acquired (secondary) drives
Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
Need for affiliation (nAff)
The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
Need for power (nPow)
The need to have control or influence over others
Need for achievement (nAch)
A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
Stimulus motive
A motive that appears to be unlearned, but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
Arousal theory
Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Yerkes-Dodson law
Law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better performance.
Incentives
Things that attract or lure people into action
Incentive approaches
Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
Self-actualization
The point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
Peak experiences
Times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
Self-determination theory (SDT)
Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
Eustress
The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being
Approach-approach conflict
Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals
Approach-avoidance conflict
Conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
Problem-focused coping
Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
Emotion-focused coping
Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagon
Hormone that is secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Leptin
A hormone that when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full.
Display rules
Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
James-Lange theory of emotion
Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.
Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)
Two things have to happen before emotion occurs: the physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment
Cognitive-mediational theory
The most important aspect of any emotional experience is how the person interprets, or appraises, the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction.
