Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response.

Question 3

Stimulus generalization

Answer 3

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Question 4

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 4

The tendency to stop making a generalization response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Cognitive perspective

Answer 5

Conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Answer 6

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Question 7

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 7

Classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Question 8

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 8

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

Question 9

Biological preparedness

Answer 9

Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

Question 10

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 10

Occurs when strong CS is paired with new neutral stimulus; new previously neutral stimulus becomes a second CS

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Question 12

Law of effect

Answer 12

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Question 13

Operant

Answer 13

Any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

Question 14

Primary reinforcer

Answer 14

Fulfills a basic biological need such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Question 15

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 15

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Question 16

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 16

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Question 17

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 17

The reinforcement of each and every correct response

Question 18

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 18

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Question 19

Latent Learning

Answer 19

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Question 20

Learning/performance distinction

Answer 20

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Question 21

AMID

Answer 21

Attention
Memory
Imitation
Desire

Four elements of observational learning