Chapter 7 - Cognition

Question 1

Convergent thinking

Answer 1

Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.

Question 2

Divergent thinking

Answer 2

Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

An example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept

Question 4

Concepts

Answer 4

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

Question 5

Algorithms

Answer 5

Very specific step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

Question 6

Heuristic

Answer 6

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.

“Rule of thumb”

Question 7

Representative heuristic

Answer 7

Assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

Question 8

Availability heuristic

Answer 8

Estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

The tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

Question 10

Intelligence

Answer 10

The ability to learn from one’s experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

Question 11

G factor

Answer 11

The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.

General intelligence

Question 12

S factor

Answer 12

The ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.

Specific intelligence

Question 13

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 13

Sternberg’s theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Question 14

Deviation IQ scores

Answer 14

A type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

Question 15

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)

Answer 15

Condition in which a persons behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age

Question 16

Emotional intelligence

Answer 16

The awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain goals, as well as the ability to understand emotions in others.

Question 17

Heritability

Answer 17

Proportion of change in IQ within a population caused by hereditary factors

Question 18

Stereotype threat

Answer 18

Condition in which being made aware of a negative performance stereotype interferes with the performance of someone that considers himself it herself part of that group

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

Question 20

Phonemes

Answer 20

The basic units of sound in language

Question 21

Morphemes

Answer 21

The smallest units of meaning within a language

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.

Question 23

Semantics

Answer 23

The rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences

Question 24

Pragmatics

Answer 24

Aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language.

Question 25

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 25

The theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language

Question 26

Cognitive universalism

Answer 26

Theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language