Chapter 11 - Personality

Question 1

Id

Answer 1

Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

Question 2

Pleasure principle

Answer 2

Principle by which the Id functions ; the desire for the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

Question 3

Ego

Answer 3

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

Question 4

Reality principle

Answer 4

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

Question 5

Superego

Answer 5

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center

Question 6

Conscience

Answer 6

Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is

Question 7

Psychological defense mechanisms

Answer 7

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Question 8

Psychosexual stages

Answer 8

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

Question 9

Fixation

Answer 9

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

Question 10

Oral stage

Answer 10

First stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages, occurring in the first 18 months of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict

Question 11

Anal stage

Answer 11

Second stage
Occurring from 18-36 months of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict

Question 12

Phallic stage

Answer 12

Third stage

Occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings

Question 13

Oedipus complex/ Electra complex

Answer 13

Child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. Males develop Oedipus complex
Females develop Electra complex

Question 14

Latency

Answer 14

Fourth stage
Occurring during school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

Question 15

Psychoanalysis

Answer 15

Insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory personality and the therapy based on it

Question 16

Neo-Freudians

Answer 16

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories

Question 17

Personal unconscious

Answer 17

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

Question 18

Collective unconscious

Answer 18

Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

Question 19

Archetypes

Answer 19

Jung’s collective universal human memories

Question 20

Basic anxiety

Answer 20

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

Question 21

Neurotic personality

Answer 21

Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory

Question 22

Social cognitive learning theorists

Answer 22

Emphasized the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectations on learning

Question 23

Social cognitive view

Answer 23

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

Question 24

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 24

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Question 25

Self-efficacy

Answer 25

Individual’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

Question 26

Locus of control

Answer 26

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

Question 27

Expectancy

Answer 27

A person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence