Chapter - 8 Development Across Life Span

Question 1

Human development

Answer 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

Question 2

Longitudinal design

Answer 2

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

Question 3

Cross-sectional design

Answer 3

Research design in which several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time

Question 4

Cross-sequential design

Answer 4

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally

Question 5

Cohort effect

Answer 5

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience

Question 6

Nature

Answer 6

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Question 7

Nurture

Answer 7

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Cells resulting from the uniting of the ovum and the sperm

Question 9

Monozygotic twins

Answer 9

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.

Question 10

Dizygotic twins

Answer 10

Fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

Question 11

Bioethics

Answer 11

The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine.

Question 12

Germinal period

Answer 12

First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

Question 13

Embryo

Answer 13

Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization

Question 14

Embryonic period

Answer 14

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

Question 15

Critical periods

Answer 15

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Question 16

Teratogen

Answer 16

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

Question 17

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 17

The physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 18

Fetal period

Answer 18

The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby

Question 19

Schemes

Answer 19

Mental concepts formed through experiences with objects and events

Question 20

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

First stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment

Question 21

Object permanence

Answer 21

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

Question 22

Preoperational stage

Answer 22

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

Question 23

Egocentrism

Answer 23

The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes

Question 24

Centration

Answer 24

The tendency of a young child to focus only one one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

Question 25

Conservation

Answer 25

The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change an object’s nature

Question 26

Irreversibility

Answer 26

The inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action

Question 27

Concrete operations

Answer 27

Third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but it not yet capable of abstract thinking

Question 28

Scaffolding

Answer 28

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.

Question 29

Gender schema theory

Answer 29

Theory of gender identity acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema

Question 30

Androgyny

Answer 30

Characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of both male and female regardless of actual sex

Question 31

Personal fable

Answer 31

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

Question 32

Imaginary audience

Answer 32

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are

Question 33

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 33

Stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self

Question 34

Emerging adulthood

Answer 34

A time from late adolescence through the 20s referring to those in who are childless, do not live in their own home, and are not earning enough money to be independent, mainly found in developed countries

Question 35

Generativity

Answer 35

Providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work

Question 36

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 36

Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.

Question 37

Permissive parenting

Answer 37

Parents make few, if any, demands on a child’s behavior

Question 38

Permissive neglectful

Answer 38

Parent is uninvolved with child or child’s behavior

Question 39

Permissive indulgent

Answer 39

Parent is so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits

Question 40

Authoritative parenting

Answer 40

Parent combines warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior

Question 41

Ego integrity

Answer 41

Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life, possessing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego.