Chapter - 8 Development Across Life Span Flashcards
Human development
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
Longitudinal design
Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
Cross-sectional design
Research design in which several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time
Cross-sequential design
Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally
Cohort effect
The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience
Nature
The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Nurture
The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Zygote
Cells resulting from the uniting of the ovum and the sperm
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.
Dizygotic twins
Fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
Bioethics
The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine.
Germinal period
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
Embryo
Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization
Embryonic period
The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
Critical periods
Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
Teratogen
Any factor that can cause a birth defect
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
The physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
Fetal period
The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby
Schemes
Mental concepts formed through experiences with objects and events
Sensorimotor stage
First stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
Object permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
Egocentrism
The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
Centration
The tendency of a young child to focus only one one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
Conservation
The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change an object’s nature
Irreversibility
The inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action
Concrete operations
Third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but it not yet capable of abstract thinking
Scaffolding
Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.
Gender schema theory
Theory of gender identity acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema
Androgyny
Characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of both male and female regardless of actual sex
Personal fable
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
Imaginary audience
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
Identity vs role confusion
Stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self
Emerging adulthood
A time from late adolescence through the 20s referring to those in who are childless, do not live in their own home, and are not earning enough money to be independent, mainly found in developed countries
Generativity
Providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work
Authoritarian parenting
Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.
Permissive parenting
Parents make few, if any, demands on a child’s behavior
Permissive neglectful
Parent is uninvolved with child or child’s behavior
Permissive indulgent
Parent is so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits
Authoritative parenting
Parent combines warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior
Ego integrity
Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life, possessing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego.
