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History of Psychology > Chapter 9 MCQ > Flashcards

Chapter 9 MCQ Flashcards

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1
Q

Watson’s approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.​

A)​conciliatory
B)to reject structuralism but retain aspects of functionalism
C)​to demand a return to pure science
D)an overreaction to the quick popularity of psychoanalysis
E)a revolt

A

E)a revolt

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2
Q

The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.

A)​behaviorism
B)positivism
C)​functionalism
D)experimentation
E)nihilism

A

B)positivism

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3
Q

For Watson,introspection was ____.​

A)​irrelevant
B)appropriate only for research with normal humans
C)​acceptable as used by Wundt,i.e. ,with systematic observation,controls,and replication
D)acceptable only if performed by exceptionally well-trained observers
E)necessary to the understanding of behavior

A

A)​irrelevant

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4
Q

By the second decade of the 20th century,psychologists agreed on the ____.​

A)​value of introspection
B)existence of mental elements
C)​need for psychology to be a pure science
D)replacement of structuralism by functionalism
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

E)None of the choices are correct.

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5
Q

Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?​

A)​image
B)mind
C)​consciousness
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

D)All of the choices are correct.

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6
Q

The most important antecedent of Watson’s behaviorism was ____.​

A)​evolutionary theory
B)functionalism
C)​positivism
D)animal psychology
E)the anecdotal method

A

D)animal psychology

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7
Q

For Watson,such subject matter as mind,consciousness,and images was ____.​

A)​meaningless for a science of psychology
B)necessary for human thought
C)​best dealt with by psychoanalysis
D)the necessary starting point for the study of behavior
E)regulated by Pavlov’s law of reinforcement

A

A)​meaningless for a science of psychology

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8
Q

Who argued that consciousness,as a concept,was as unprovable as the concept of the soul?​

A)​Loeb
B)Watson
C)​Pavlov
D)Thorndike
E)Angell

A

B)Watson

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9
Q

For Comte,valid knowledge is that which is ____.

A)​objectively observable
B)social in nature
C)​reliable
D)truthful,as defined by internal observation
E)objectively observable and social in nature

A

E)objectively observable and social in nature

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10
Q

​Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal’s ability to respond to ____.

A)​voice commands
B)head movements
C)​touches
D)odors
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

B)head movements

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11
Q

Thorndike earned his Ph.D.in 1898 and after 1899 studied ____.

A)​human learning
B)mental testing
C)​educational psychology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)human learning and mental testing only

A

D)All of the choices are correct.

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12
Q

The case of Clever Hans served to ____.​

A)​illustrate the importance of objective,experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions
B)demonstrate transference between animals and humans
C)​refute Lashley’s equipotentiality principle
D)focus public attention on introspection by analogy
E)demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects

A

A)​illustrate the importance of objective,experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

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13
Q

After The Animal Mind,textbooks on comparative psychology focused on ____.​

A)​reflex behavior
B)respondent conditioning
C)​operant conditioning
D)learning
E)physiology

A

D)learning

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14
Q

​In Thorndike’s early research,he worked with all of the following except ____.

A)​chicks
B)cats
C)​dogs
D)children
E)None of the above.

A

D)children

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15
Q

Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?​

A)​Turner
B)Loeb
C)​Washburn
D)Twitmyer
E)Yerkes

A

A)​Turner

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16
Q

.

A

.

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17
Q

​An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

A)​associationism
B)reflexology
C)​instrumental conditioning
D)connectionism
E)reinforcement

A

D)connectionism

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18
Q

According to Schultz and Schultz,”Whether dealing with mind or with behavior,it was not easy to be ____.”​

A)​a functionalist
B)an experimentalist
C)​a beginning psychologist
D)an animal psychologist
E)a mechanist

A

D)an animal psychologist

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19
Q

The particular contribution of Pavlov’s work to Watson’s behaviorism was Pavlov’s ____.​

A)​objective methodology
B)evidence of the feasibility of an objective psychology​
C)​refutation of Dewey’s criticisms of the reflex arc concept
D)refutation of the laboratory animal
E)refutation of Thorndike’s law of effect

A

A)​objective methodology

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20
Q

For Loeb,if an animal’s response is forced by a stimulus,the ____.​

A)​behavior does not need explanation
B)behavior is positivist
C)​behavior requires no inferences about consciousness
D)animal is unable to perceive and discriminate between objects
E)animal is unable to display purposive behavior

A

C)​behavior requires no inferences about consciousness

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21
Q

Watson’s dissertation was on ____.​

A)​the conscious experience of rats
B)the conscious experience of toddlers
C)​the latent learning of rats
D)fear conditioning in rats
E)fear conditioning in toddlers

A

A)​the conscious experience of rats

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22
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?​

A)​The field became more subjective as methods to study animal consciousness were perfected.
B)The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
C)​The field stopped growing after Angell’s 1906 presidential address describing functionalism.
D)The field was growing in popularity in Russia but was never a major part of psychology in the United States.
E)There was no change,the methods of Romanes and Morgan are still widely used today.

A

B)The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.

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23
Q

For Loeb,a tropism is a(n)____.​

A)​involuntary forced movement
B)reflex arc
C)​indication of consciousness
D)reflex
E)toucan

A

A)​involuntary forced movement

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24
Q

​Thorndike’s (1898)law of effect is similar to ____.

A)​Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
B)Tolman’s purposive behaviorism
C)​Guthrie’s one-trial learning
D)Jones’s behavior modification
E)Wundt’s tridimensional feelings

A

A)​Pavlov’s law of reinforcement

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25
Q

Who had a theory of tropisms?​

A)​Bekhterev
B)Watson
C)​Loeb
D)Morgan
E)Twitmyer

A

C)​Loeb

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26
Q

.

A

.

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27
Q

​The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of ____.

A)​Washburn
B)Turner
C)​Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes

A

D)Thorndike

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28
Q

An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.​

A)​Loeb
B)Bond
C)​Turner
D)James
E)Twitmyer

A

C)​Turner

29
Q

.

A

.

30
Q

Pavlov’s work effected a change in focus from ____ to observable physiological events.

A)​introspection
B)subjective speculation about associationism
C)connectionism​
D)determinism
E)mechanism

A

B)subjective speculation about associationism

31
Q

​Thorndike’s revision of his law of effect stated that ____.

A)​rewards are unrelated to the strength of connection between stimuli and responses
B)stimuli that satisfy physiological needs are most effective as rewards
C)​punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection
D)the law of exercise was unrelated to it
E)All of the choices are correct.

A

C)​punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection

32
Q

Habit strength is a function of repetition.This is an instance of ____.​

A)​Thorndike’s law of effect
B)Thorndike’s law of exercise​
C)​Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
D)Skinner’s principle of the extinction of competing responses
E)vicarious learning

A

B)Thorndike’s law of exercise​

33
Q

​For Thorndike,learning is ____

A)​simple associations
B)complex associations
C)​making connections
D)a stimulus-response unit
E)”satisfaction”

A

C)​making connections

34
Q

Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

A)​Washburn
B)Turner
C)​Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes

A

D)Thorndike

35
Q

Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.

A)​qualitative
B)quantitative
C)​qualitative as well as quantitative
D)no
E)outdated

A

B)quantitative

36
Q

The “original” law of effect states that ____.​

A)​punishment always weakens a response
B)reward strengthens a response,but punishment does not always weaken a response
C)​any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again;any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again
D)any act that produces reward will always be extinguished
E)rewards stamp in connections,and punishments stamp out connections

A

C)​any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again;any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again

37
Q

The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike’s ____.​

A)​use of mentalistic processes
B)freely granting high levels of consciousness to animals
C)​use of introspection as an additional methodology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

A)​use of mentalistic processes

38
Q

More than any other researcher in psychology before him,Pavlov attempted to ____.​

A)​eliminate sources of error from his studies.
B)implement the experimental method.
C)​reject all responses that were not objectively observable.
D)analyze S-R units into their component elements.
E)eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.

A

E)eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.

39
Q

Thorndike’s approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.​

A)​mechanism
B)introspection
C)​mentalism
D)positivism
E)phenomenalism

A

A)​mechanism

40
Q

The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.​

A)​Pavlov’s early inclination to use mentalistic terms
B)Pavlov’s familiarity with Watson’s dissertation on the psychic development of the white rat​
C)​the distortion of the data of history by an error in translation
D)Pavlov’s training as a neurologist
E)Pavlov’s early identification with the new science of psychology

A

A)​Pavlov’s early inclination to use mentalistic terms

41
Q

The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of ____.​

A)​Thorndike
B)Watson
C)​Skinner
D)Köhler
E)Tolman

A

A)​Thorndike

42
Q

​Pavlov’s conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

A)​reinforcement
B)knowledge
C)​two or more unconditioned responses
D)S-R connections
E)reinforcements and S-R connections

A

E)reinforcements and S-R connections

43
Q

Thorndike’s ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of ____.​

A)​the S-R connection
B)reinforcement
C)​the law of satisfaction
D)the law of exercise
E)the law of effect

A

E)the law of effect

44
Q

Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?​

A)​Bekhterev
B)Thorndike​
C)​Pavlov
D)Watson
E)Twitmyer

A

C)​Pavlov

45
Q

Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?​

A)​Pavlov
B)Watson
C)​Thorndike
D)Tolman
E)Skinner

A

C)​Thorndike

46
Q

Whose work has been described as “a shift from speculation to experimentation?”

A)​Pavlov
B)Thorndike
C)​Bekhterev
D)Watson
E)Yerkes

A

A)​Pavlov

47
Q

What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?​

A)​becoming familiar with the psychology of Wundt
B)the work of Thorndike
C)​Darwin’s theory
D)the case of Clever Hans
E) the writings of Fechner

A

C)​Darwin’s theory

48
Q

​Thorndike’s “trial and accidental success” learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.​

A)​respondent
B)stamping in
C)​trial-and-error
D)one-trial
E)latent

A

C)​trial-and-error

49
Q

​Consistent with James’s views,Pavlov argued that ____.

A)​psychology was not yet a science
B)psychology was in the preparadigmatic phase
C)​classical conditioning was the paradigm needed for psychology to become a science
D)psychology was a mentalistic interpretation of physiology
E)psychology was still in the realm of philosophy

A

A)​psychology was not yet a science

50
Q

Pavlov conducted research on ____​

A)​reinforcement
B)extinction
C)​generalization
D)discrimination
E)All of the choices are correct.

A

E)All of the choices are correct.

51
Q

Bekhterev ____.​

A)​never used reinforcement for his conditioning
B)applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles
C)​was a close friend of Pavlov
D)had a research program that blossomed when he emigrated to the U.S.
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

B)applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles

52
Q

​In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov,the food placed in the dog’s mouth is called the ____.

A)​conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)​conditioned response
D)unconditioned response
E)conditional response

A

B)unconditioned stimulus

53
Q

Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term ____.​

A)​mind
B)psychic
C)​soul
D)respondent
E)mental element

A

C)​soul

54
Q

According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),his starting point in research was ____.​

A)​his previous work in physiology
B)careful observation of dogs salivating
C)​Darwin’s theory of evolution
D)Washburn’s book on the animal mind
E)Descartes idea of the nervous reflex

A

E)Descartes idea of the nervous reflex

55
Q

For Pavlov,____ is necessary for learning to take place.​

A)​punishment
B)reinforcement
C)​emission of a voluntary behavior
D)clean dogs
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

B)reinforcement

56
Q

Bekhterev discovered ____.​

A)​the associated reflexes
B)the reflex arc
C)​the knee-jerk response
D)one-trial learning
E)that punishment is not effective

A

A)​the associated reflexes

57
Q

Pavlov’s view of psychology was ____.​

A)​initially favorable,then somewhat negative
B)always negative
C)​always favorable
D)initially negative,then somewhat favorable
E)uncertain;he never said one way or the other

A

D)initially negative,then somewhat favorable

58
Q

For Pavlov,humans and animals were ____.​

A)​machines
B)allies
C)​enemies
D)incompatible
E)essentially different,needing different research methods

A

A)​machines

59
Q

Objective Psychology was authored by ____.​

A)​Thorndike
B)Comte
C)​Watson
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev

A

E)Bekhterev

60
Q

​Which of the following is (are)true?

A)​Pavlov argued that higher mental processes in animals could be described in physiological terms.
B)Pavlovian methods have had practical applications.
C)​Pavlov published extensively with his lifelong friend Bekhterev.
D)Both a and b
E)None of the above are true.

A

D)Both a and b

61
Q

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia,an American named ____ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.​

A)​Walter Pillsbury
B)John Watson
C)​Edward Thorndike
D)Edwin Burket Twitmyer
E)Willard Small

A

D)Edwin Burket Twitmyer

62
Q

Bekhterev ___.​

A)​argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech
B)did work on glandular conditioning
C)​influenced Freud
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

A

A)​argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech

63
Q

Pavlov’s work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in ____.​

A)​psychical terms
B)physical terms
C)​physiological terms
D)reinforcement
E) associations

A

C)​physiological terms

64
Q

.

A

.

65
Q

If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive,we might today speak of ____.​

A)​canine introspection
B)Twitmyer’s dogs
C)​Bekhterev’s knees
D)Twitmyerian conditioning
E)Bekhterev’s dogs

A

D)Twitmyerian conditioning

66
Q

In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),Pavlov discussed ____.​

A)​his work on higher order conditioning
B)many of his experimental variations
C)​Darwin’s theory of evolution
D)Washburn’s book on the animal mind
E)the building of what became known as the “Tower of Silence”

A

E)the building of what became known as the “Tower of Silence”

67
Q

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and,according to one historian,____ is considered the grandfather of Watson’s behaviorism.​

A)​Fechner
B)Cattell
C)​Thorndike
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev

A

B)Cattell

68
Q

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?​

A)​Bekhterev was a physiologist,neurologist,and psychiatrist.
B)Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
C)​Bekhterev hypothesized that high-level behaviors were compounded from simpler reflexive behaviors.
D)Bekhterev argued for a completely objective approach for psychology.
E)Bekhterev was probably assassinated by Stalin

A

B)Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.

History of Psychology (8 decks)

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