Chapter 9 MCQ Flashcards
Watson’s approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.
A)conciliatory
B)to reject structuralism but retain aspects of functionalism
C)to demand a return to pure science
D)an overreaction to the quick popularity of psychoanalysis
E)a revolt
E)a revolt
The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.
A)behaviorism
B)positivism
C)functionalism
D)experimentation
E)nihilism
B)positivism
For Watson,introspection was ____.
A)irrelevant
B)appropriate only for research with normal humans
C)acceptable as used by Wundt,i.e. ,with systematic observation,controls,and replication
D)acceptable only if performed by exceptionally well-trained observers
E)necessary to the understanding of behavior
A)irrelevant
By the second decade of the 20th century,psychologists agreed on the ____.
A)value of introspection
B)existence of mental elements
C)need for psychology to be a pure science
D)replacement of structuralism by functionalism
E)None of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.
Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?
A)image
B)mind
C)consciousness
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.
D)All of the choices are correct.
The most important antecedent of Watson’s behaviorism was ____.
A)evolutionary theory
B)functionalism
C)positivism
D)animal psychology
E)the anecdotal method
D)animal psychology
For Watson,such subject matter as mind,consciousness,and images was ____.
A)meaningless for a science of psychology
B)necessary for human thought
C)best dealt with by psychoanalysis
D)the necessary starting point for the study of behavior
E)regulated by Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
A)meaningless for a science of psychology
Who argued that consciousness,as a concept,was as unprovable as the concept of the soul?
A)Loeb
B)Watson
C)Pavlov
D)Thorndike
E)Angell
B)Watson
For Comte,valid knowledge is that which is ____.
A)objectively observable
B)social in nature
C)reliable
D)truthful,as defined by internal observation
E)objectively observable and social in nature
E)objectively observable and social in nature
Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal’s ability to respond to ____.
A)voice commands
B)head movements
C)touches
D)odors
E)None of the choices are correct.
B)head movements
Thorndike earned his Ph.D.in 1898 and after 1899 studied ____.
A)human learning
B)mental testing
C)educational psychology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)human learning and mental testing only
D)All of the choices are correct.
The case of Clever Hans served to ____.
A)illustrate the importance of objective,experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions
B)demonstrate transference between animals and humans
C)refute Lashley’s equipotentiality principle
D)focus public attention on introspection by analogy
E)demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects
A)illustrate the importance of objective,experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions
After The Animal Mind,textbooks on comparative psychology focused on ____.
A)reflex behavior
B)respondent conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)learning
E)physiology
D)learning
In Thorndike’s early research,he worked with all of the following except ____.
A)chicks
B)cats
C)dogs
D)children
E)None of the above.
D)children
Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?
A)Turner
B)Loeb
C)Washburn
D)Twitmyer
E)Yerkes
A)Turner
.
.
An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.
A)associationism
B)reflexology
C)instrumental conditioning
D)connectionism
E)reinforcement
D)connectionism
According to Schultz and Schultz,”Whether dealing with mind or with behavior,it was not easy to be ____.”
A)a functionalist
B)an experimentalist
C)a beginning psychologist
D)an animal psychologist
E)a mechanist
D)an animal psychologist
The particular contribution of Pavlov’s work to Watson’s behaviorism was Pavlov’s ____.
A)objective methodology
B)evidence of the feasibility of an objective psychology
C)refutation of Dewey’s criticisms of the reflex arc concept
D)refutation of the laboratory animal
E)refutation of Thorndike’s law of effect
A)objective methodology
For Loeb,if an animal’s response is forced by a stimulus,the ____.
A)behavior does not need explanation
B)behavior is positivist
C)behavior requires no inferences about consciousness
D)animal is unable to perceive and discriminate between objects
E)animal is unable to display purposive behavior
C)behavior requires no inferences about consciousness
Watson’s dissertation was on ____.
A)the conscious experience of rats
B)the conscious experience of toddlers
C)the latent learning of rats
D)fear conditioning in rats
E)fear conditioning in toddlers
A)the conscious experience of rats
Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?
A)The field became more subjective as methods to study animal consciousness were perfected.
B)The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
C)The field stopped growing after Angell’s 1906 presidential address describing functionalism.
D)The field was growing in popularity in Russia but was never a major part of psychology in the United States.
E)There was no change,the methods of Romanes and Morgan are still widely used today.
B)The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
For Loeb,a tropism is a(n)____.
A)involuntary forced movement
B)reflex arc
C)indication of consciousness
D)reflex
E)toucan
A)involuntary forced movement
Thorndike’s (1898)law of effect is similar to ____.
A)Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
B)Tolman’s purposive behaviorism
C)Guthrie’s one-trial learning
D)Jones’s behavior modification
E)Wundt’s tridimensional feelings
A)Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
Who had a theory of tropisms?
A)Bekhterev
B)Watson
C)Loeb
D)Morgan
E)Twitmyer
C)Loeb
.
.
The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of ____.
A)Washburn
B)Turner
C)Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes
D)Thorndike
An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.
A)Loeb
B)Bond
C)Turner
D)James
E)Twitmyer
C)Turner
.
.
Pavlov’s work effected a change in focus from ____ to observable physiological events.
A)introspection
B)subjective speculation about associationism
C)connectionism
D)determinism
E)mechanism
B)subjective speculation about associationism
Thorndike’s revision of his law of effect stated that ____.
A)rewards are unrelated to the strength of connection between stimuli and responses
B)stimuli that satisfy physiological needs are most effective as rewards
C)punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection
D)the law of exercise was unrelated to it
E)All of the choices are correct.
C)punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection
Habit strength is a function of repetition.This is an instance of ____.
A)Thorndike’s law of effect
B)Thorndike’s law of exercise
C)Pavlov’s law of reinforcement
D)Skinner’s principle of the extinction of competing responses
E)vicarious learning
B)Thorndike’s law of exercise
For Thorndike,learning is ____
A)simple associations
B)complex associations
C)making connections
D)a stimulus-response unit
E)”satisfaction”
C)making connections
Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?
A)Washburn
B)Turner
C)Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes
D)Thorndike
Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.
A)qualitative
B)quantitative
C)qualitative as well as quantitative
D)no
E)outdated
B)quantitative
The “original” law of effect states that ____.
A)punishment always weakens a response
B)reward strengthens a response,but punishment does not always weaken a response
C)any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again;any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again
D)any act that produces reward will always be extinguished
E)rewards stamp in connections,and punishments stamp out connections
C)any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again;any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again
The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike’s ____.
A)use of mentalistic processes
B)freely granting high levels of consciousness to animals
C)use of introspection as an additional methodology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.
A)use of mentalistic processes
More than any other researcher in psychology before him,Pavlov attempted to ____.
A)eliminate sources of error from his studies.
B)implement the experimental method.
C)reject all responses that were not objectively observable.
D)analyze S-R units into their component elements.
E)eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.
E)eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.
Thorndike’s approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.
A)mechanism
B)introspection
C)mentalism
D)positivism
E)phenomenalism
A)mechanism
The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.
A)Pavlov’s early inclination to use mentalistic terms
B)Pavlov’s familiarity with Watson’s dissertation on the psychic development of the white rat
C)the distortion of the data of history by an error in translation
D)Pavlov’s training as a neurologist
E)Pavlov’s early identification with the new science of psychology
A)Pavlov’s early inclination to use mentalistic terms
The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of ____.
A)Thorndike
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Köhler
E)Tolman
A)Thorndike
Pavlov’s conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.
A)reinforcement
B)knowledge
C)two or more unconditioned responses
D)S-R connections
E)reinforcements and S-R connections
E)reinforcements and S-R connections
Thorndike’s ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of ____.
A)the S-R connection
B)reinforcement
C)the law of satisfaction
D)the law of exercise
E)the law of effect
E)the law of effect
Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?
A)Bekhterev
B)Thorndike
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
E)Twitmyer
C)Pavlov
Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Tolman
E)Skinner
C)Thorndike
Whose work has been described as “a shift from speculation to experimentation?”
A)Pavlov
B)Thorndike
C)Bekhterev
D)Watson
E)Yerkes
A)Pavlov
What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?
A)becoming familiar with the psychology of Wundt
B)the work of Thorndike
C)Darwin’s theory
D)the case of Clever Hans
E) the writings of Fechner
C)Darwin’s theory
Thorndike’s “trial and accidental success” learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.
A)respondent
B)stamping in
C)trial-and-error
D)one-trial
E)latent
C)trial-and-error
Consistent with James’s views,Pavlov argued that ____.
A)psychology was not yet a science
B)psychology was in the preparadigmatic phase
C)classical conditioning was the paradigm needed for psychology to become a science
D)psychology was a mentalistic interpretation of physiology
E)psychology was still in the realm of philosophy
A)psychology was not yet a science
Pavlov conducted research on ____
A)reinforcement
B)extinction
C)generalization
D)discrimination
E)All of the choices are correct.
E)All of the choices are correct.
Bekhterev ____.
A)never used reinforcement for his conditioning
B)applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles
C)was a close friend of Pavlov
D)had a research program that blossomed when he emigrated to the U.S.
E)None of the choices are correct.
B)applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles
In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov,the food placed in the dog’s mouth is called the ____.
A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned response
E)conditional response
B)unconditioned stimulus
Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term ____.
A)mind
B)psychic
C)soul
D)respondent
E)mental element
C)soul
According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),his starting point in research was ____.
A)his previous work in physiology
B)careful observation of dogs salivating
C)Darwin’s theory of evolution
D)Washburn’s book on the animal mind
E)Descartes idea of the nervous reflex
E)Descartes idea of the nervous reflex
For Pavlov,____ is necessary for learning to take place.
A)punishment
B)reinforcement
C)emission of a voluntary behavior
D)clean dogs
E)None of the choices are correct.
B)reinforcement
Bekhterev discovered ____.
A)the associated reflexes
B)the reflex arc
C)the knee-jerk response
D)one-trial learning
E)that punishment is not effective
A)the associated reflexes
Pavlov’s view of psychology was ____.
A)initially favorable,then somewhat negative
B)always negative
C)always favorable
D)initially negative,then somewhat favorable
E)uncertain;he never said one way or the other
D)initially negative,then somewhat favorable
For Pavlov,humans and animals were ____.
A)machines
B)allies
C)enemies
D)incompatible
E)essentially different,needing different research methods
A)machines
Objective Psychology was authored by ____.
A)Thorndike
B)Comte
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev
E)Bekhterev
Which of the following is (are)true?
A)Pavlov argued that higher mental processes in animals could be described in physiological terms.
B)Pavlovian methods have had practical applications.
C)Pavlov published extensively with his lifelong friend Bekhterev.
D)Both a and b
E)None of the above are true.
D)Both a and b
While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia,an American named ____ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.
A)Walter Pillsbury
B)John Watson
C)Edward Thorndike
D)Edwin Burket Twitmyer
E)Willard Small
D)Edwin Burket Twitmyer
Bekhterev ___.
A)argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech
B)did work on glandular conditioning
C)influenced Freud
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.
A)argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech
Pavlov’s work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in ____.
A)psychical terms
B)physical terms
C)physiological terms
D)reinforcement
E) associations
C)physiological terms
.
.
If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive,we might today speak of ____.
A)canine introspection
B)Twitmyer’s dogs
C)Bekhterev’s knees
D)Twitmyerian conditioning
E)Bekhterev’s dogs
D)Twitmyerian conditioning
In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),Pavlov discussed ____.
A)his work on higher order conditioning
B)many of his experimental variations
C)Darwin’s theory of evolution
D)Washburn’s book on the animal mind
E)the building of what became known as the “Tower of Silence”
E)the building of what became known as the “Tower of Silence”
Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and,according to one historian,____ is considered the grandfather of Watson’s behaviorism.
A)Fechner
B)Cattell
C)Thorndike
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev
B)Cattell
Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?
A)Bekhterev was a physiologist,neurologist,and psychiatrist.
B)Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
C)Bekhterev hypothesized that high-level behaviors were compounded from simpler reflexive behaviors.
D)Bekhterev argued for a completely objective approach for psychology.
E)Bekhterev was probably assassinated by Stalin
B)Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
