Chapter 10 MCQ

Question 1

Watson argued that consumer behavior was ____.​

A)​under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli
B)controlled according to the law of suggestibility
C)​immune to aversive conditioning
D)vulnerable to the law of exercise
E)controlled by the law of resemblance

Answer 1

A)​under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli

Question 2

Watson believed that the behavior of people as consumers of goods and services could be predicted and controlled,just like the behavior of ____.​

A)​machines
B)rats
C)​animals
D)viruses
E)organisms

Answer 2

A)​machines

Question 3

.

Answer 3

.

Question 4

Behaviorism was officially established in ____.​

A)​1904,at the St.Louis Exposition
B)1907,with Bekhterev’s Objective Psychology
C)​1908,with Watson’s lectures at Yale
D)1911,with McDougall’s Psychology: The Study of Behavior
E)1913,with Watson’s “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”

Answer 4

E)1913,with Watson’s “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”

Question 5

.

Answer 5

.

Question 6

Watson chose to pursue research with white rats,he said,because he ____.​

A)​wanted to maintain a close association with biology
B)wanted to dissociate himself from philosophy
C)​wanted to dissociate himself from his original pursuits in theology
D)could not learn to do introspection
E)found rats to be more cooperative than human subjects

Answer 6

A)​wanted to maintain a close association with biology

Question 7

In his 1914 book,Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology,Watson argued ____.​

A)​for positivism in psychology
B)for the acceptance of animal psychology
C)​that mental concepts are “valueless to science”
D)for a functional and pragmatic approach to psychology
E)for experimental research on human infants

Answer 7

B)for the acceptance of animal psychology

Question 8

Watson’s second career was in ____.​

A)​pediatric psychology
B)behavior modification
C)​advertising
D)personnel selection
E)developmental psychology

Answer 8

C)​advertising

Question 9

Watson’s introduction to mechanism was through his association with ____.​

A)​Dewey
B)Angell
C)​Loeb
D)Carr
E)Baldwin

Answer 9

C)​Loeb

Question 10

Watson has been criticized for which of the following?​

A)​methods of behaviorism
B)his childrearing beliefs
C)​his personality
D)A and B only
E)All of the above.

Answer 10

E)All of the above.

Question 11

Like many of the first generation of psychologists,Watson’s first graduate school area of study was ____.​

A)​Physiology
B)Positivism
C)​Philosophy
D)Psychophysics
E)Physics

Answer 11

C)​Philosophy

Question 12

.

Answer 12

.

Question 13

Watson proposed that consumer behavior ____.​

A)​was unpredictable
B)could not be controlled
C)​should be studied in the lab
D)was driven by emotionless pleas
E)was driven by the message in an ad,rather than the style in the ad

Answer 13

C)​should be studied in the lab

Question 14

Watson’s work has been involved with which of the following divisions of psychology?​

A)​animal psychology
B)industrial/organizational psychology
C)​behaviorism
D)developmental psychology
E)All of the above.

Answer 14

E)All of the above.

Question 15

Watson’s position on the use of the term consciousness was to ____.​

A)​eliminate it entirely from psychological research because it is not an objective method
B)examine its relevance to overt behaviors
C)​infer the elements of consciousness from overt behaviors
D)infer the elements of consciousness from observable physiological substrates
E)infer its processes from its measurable blood metabolites

Answer 15

A)​eliminate it entirely from psychological research because it is not an objective method

Question 16

Watson’s 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It ____.​

A)​engendered much attention in the professional literature
B)was wholeheartedly embraced by the general public
C)​engendered a firestorm of protest from both the functionalists and the structuralists
D)was eclipsed by the attention given to Freud’s new theories
E)was relatively ignored by the professional journals

Answer 16

E)was relatively ignored by the professional journals

Question 17

Watson’s behaviorism was mechanistic.His own behavior might also be called mechanistic with regard to his relationship with ____.​

A)​his wife,Rosalie
B)his children
C)​women in general
D)his male buddies​
E)his dogs

Answer 17

B)his children

Question 18

Watson’s position on verbal reports was ____.​

A)​to redefine them as motor responses
B)to redefine thinking as speaking to oneself
C)​to limit their use to situations in which they could be verified
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 18

D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Watson argued that areas of applied psychology can be considered scientific because they ____.​

A)​are obviously so by their very nature
B)were considered to be so even by Wundt
C)​were consistent with the theory of evolution
D)seek general laws for the prediction and control of behavior
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 19

D)seek general laws for the prediction and control of behavior

Question 20

Watson argued that the failure of psychology as a natural science was due to ____.​

A)​the fact that data of introspection cannot be replicated
B)blaming the observer rather than the method for failure to replicate in introspection
C)​the failure to operationally define terms in common use by psychologists
D)the use of mechanistic terms
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 20

B)blaming the observer rather than the method for failure to replicate in introspection

Question 21

Watson’s position on childrearing was ____.​

A)​that of a strong environmentalist
B)to “spare the rod,spoil the child”
C)​to use affection and social reinforcements exclusively
D)to follow Thorndike’s law of effect
E)to follow Pavlov’s law of reinforcement

Answer 21

A)​that of a strong environmentalist

Question 22

After his dismissal from Johns Hopkins,Watson ____.​

A)​abandoned his research on behavioral psychology
B)published in scholarly journals under a pseudonym
C)​published for the American public through popular media
D)joined the army to conduct research on personnel selection
E)lectured at universities throughout Europe

Answer 22

C)​published for the American public through popular media

Question 23

Watson described conditioning in terms of ____.​

A)​symptom substitution
B)stimulus substitution
C)​respondent substitution
D)response substitution
E)associated reflexes

Answer 23

B)stimulus substitution

Question 24

The most important research method of the behaviorists was ____.​

A)​observation with the use of instruments
B)observation without the use of instruments
C)​the verbal report method
D)the conditioned reflex method
E)testing methods

Answer 24

D)the conditioned reflex method

Question 25

For Watson,the goal of psychology is ____.​

A)​a utopia based on operant conditioning principles
B)the prediction and control of behavior
C)​the expansion of Pavlovian conditioning to voluntary behaviors
D)the reduction of cognitive processes to their biological correlates
E)a unitary scheme of animal responses

Answer 25

B)the prediction and control of behavior

Question 26

Although ____ publicly disagreed with her husband’s childrearing practices and occasionally wanted to break his rules,their son did not recall that happening.​

A)​Margaret Floy Washburn
B)Mary Ickes
C)​Mamie Phipps Clark
D)Rosalie Raynor Watson
E)Christine Ladd-Franklin

Answer 26

D)Rosalie Raynor Watson

Question 27

All of Watson’s methods are based on the concept of ____.​

A)​observation
B)animal psychology
C)​functionalism
D)structuralism
E)physiology

Answer 27

A)​observation

Question 28

Which of the following was NOT one of Watson’s methods?​

A)​observation with instruments
B)observation without the use of instruments
C)​the verbal report method
D)the conditioned reflex method
E)All of the choices were acceptable to Watson.

Answer 28

E)All of the choices were acceptable to Watson.

Question 29

Watson’s view of consumers’ responses was much like ____.​

A)​Descartes’s view of automata
B)Wundt’s view of feelings
C)​James’s view of emotion
D)Pavlov’s view of cats
E)Dewey’s view of reflexes

Answer 29

A)​Descartes’s view of automata

Question 30

Watson’s contribution to the method of objective testing was ____.​

A)​to qualify the results
B)to create a measure of reliability
C)​to argue that the subjects’ responses were under the stimulus control of the test items
D)to advocate for its widespread use
E)to create a series of tests which are still used today

Answer 30

C)​to argue that the subjects’ responses were under the stimulus control of the test items

Question 31

The most significant public impact of Watson’s varied undertakings was to ____.​

A)​introduce pop psychology as a new field
B)prepare the way for Skinner
C)​transform childrearing practices
D)eliminate all remains of functionalism from the science of psychology
E)reverse the trend toward applied psychology in the United States

Answer 31

C)​transform childrearing practices

Question 32

For Watson,the distinction between humans and animals is ____.​​

A)​an explanatory fiction
B)at the point where language is observed
C)​arbitrary
D)explained by one’s efficiency in adapting to the environment
E)necessary if psychology is to be a natural science of behavior

Answer 32

C)​arbitrary

Question 33

In Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,Watson argues that psychology is ____.​

A)a purely experimental branch of natural science​
B)a radical environmentalism
C)​in Kuhn’s terms,a “paradigm”
D)a return to Descartes’s dualism
E)big enough to include both mental and behavioral phenomena

Answer 33

A)a purely experimental branch of natural science​

Question 34

This person said,in criticizing Watson,that introspection had to be used to study certain psychological processes.​

A)​Calkins
B)Lashley
C)​Washburn
D)Thorndike
E)Hall

Answer 34

A)​Calkins

Question 35

Which of the following statements would Watson endorse?​

A)​The human has no conscious perception of his or her emotions.
B)All emotions are learned.
C)​Emotions are implicit.
D)Emotions are equal to internal physiological changes.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 35

D)Emotions are equal to internal physiological changes.

Question 36

For Watson,emotions are explained by the ____.​

A)​James-Lange theory of emotion
B)perception of the individual’s environment
C)​internal physiological responses to a stimulus
D)individual’s analysis and labeling of his or her physiological responses
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 36

C)​internal physiological responses to a stimulus

Question 37

Watson proposed that society as a whole could be improved by ____.​

A)​electing psychologists to political office
B)enforcing tough crime laws
C)​replacing religion-based ethics with experimental ethics
D)forming a colony and living a communal life
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 37

C)​replacing religion-based ethics with experimental ethics

Question 38

Watson rejected the whole notion of the unconscious because ____.​

A)​it ,like the rest of psychoanalysis,was voodooism
B)it called for use of the method of introspection
C)​it could not be objectively observed
D)it,like the rest of psychoanalysis,was voodooism and it could not be objectively observed
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 38

D)it,like the rest of psychoanalysis,was voodooism and it could not be objectively observed

Question 39

For Watson,a response or behavioral “act” ____.​

A)​is always overtly observable with the naked eye
B)involves a response through movement in space
C)​cannot be reduced further
D)should be reported by the subject and by the experimenter
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 39

B)involves a response through movement in space

Question 40

Watson listed how many instincts in his 1914 book on comparative psychology?​

A)​0
B)3
C)​11
D)15
E)over 100

Answer 40

C)​11

Question 41

An early popularizer of psychology was ____.​

A)​Jones
B)Jastrow
C)​Dewey
D)Wiggam
E)both Jastrow and Wiggam

Answer 41

E)both Jastrow and Wiggam

Question 42

In Watson’s system,implicit responses are those that are ____.​

A)​irreducible
B)reducible
C)​potentially observable
D)responses to verbal test items
E)indicative of higher cognitive processes

Answer 42

C)​potentially observable

Question 43

Mary Cover Jones’s study of Peter ____.​

A)​was a forerunner of behavior therapy
B)showed that fears are instinctive
C)​predates the Little Albert study
D)supports the notion of one-trial learning
E)has never been replicated

Answer 43

A)​was a forerunner of behavior therapy

Question 44

In Watson’s final system,instincts ____.​

A)​exist,but there are only three
B)do not exist
C)​exist at birth and are limited,but more are learned
D)do not exist at birth,but can be learned
E)are what drive most behaviors

Answer 44

B)do not exist

Question 45

For Watson,stimuli ____.​

A)​are always simple elements
B)are always complex and reducible to simpler elements
C)​may be simple or complex
D)are irreducible
E)occur after responses

Answer 45

C)​may be simple or complex

Question 46

According to Watson,the three fundamental emotions displayed by infants were ____.​

A)​fear,sadness,and love
B)fear,rage,and sadness
C)​fear,rage,and love
D)fear,loneliness,and rage
E)loneliness,rage,and love

Answer 46

C)​fear,rage,and love

Question 47

For Watson,the mentalistic term thinking could be ____.​

A)​redefined as the behavior of subvocal talking
B)measured by its behavior correlates (gestures)
C)​observed in measures of movements of the vocal apparatus
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 47

D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

According to Watson,the elements of behavior are ____.​

A)​associations among S-R connections
B)the body’s muscular movement and glandular responses
C)​an exchange of ideas between the conscious and the unconscious mind
D)a synthesis of mental elements involving sensations,images,and feelings
E)a series of actions

Answer 48

B)the body’s muscular movement and glandular responses

Question 49

The Little Albert study ____.​

A)​was a prototype for the modern learned helplessness paradigm
B)was replicated by Mary Cover Jones
C)​showed that fears could not be conditioned
D)demonstrated the value of punishment
E)has never been replicated

Answer 49

E)has never been replicated

Question 50

Watson adopted the conditioned reflex method of research established by ____.​

A)​James and Peirce
B)Pavlov and Bekhterev
C)​Angell and Carr
D)Woodworth and Cattell
E)Wundt and Titchener

Answer 50

B)Pavlov and Bekhterev

Question 51

How many fundamental emotions were seen in infants,according to Watson?​

A)​2
B)3
C)​4
D)5
E)6

Answer 51

B)3

Question 52

The first person to de-condition a learned fear was ____.​

A)​Rayner
B)Watson
C)​Jones
D)Lashley
E)McDougall

Answer 52

C)​Jones

Question 53

Watson predicted that the laws of behavior would be identified when ____.​

A)​behaviors were reduced to their basic S-R units
B)the stimulus elements could be perfectly controlled
C)​the smallest elements of responses were discovered
D)the response elements could be perfectly predicted
E)Both B and D are correct.

Answer 53

A)​behaviors were reduced to their basic S-R units

Question 54

In Watson’s system,fear,rage,and love are ____.​

A)​meaningless labels people have adopted
B)unconditioned responses
C)​conditioned responses
D)associated reflexes
E)precognitions

Answer 54

B)unconditioned responses

Question 55

The efficiency of learning is a function of the total amount of brain tissue;this is ____ law of ____.​

A)​Watson’s;equipotentiality
B)Lashley’s;equipotentiality
C)​Lashley’s;mass action
D)Jastrow’s;cortical substitution
E)Jastrow’s;mass action

Answer 55

C)​Lashley’s;mass action

Question 56

One criticism of Watson was that his strict objectivity ____.​

A)​was hard to achieve
B)was good for the discipline
C)​needed to be discarded
D)was second to the introspection method
E)None of the above.

Answer 56

A)​was hard to achieve

Question 57

McDougall’s argument that the data of consciousness are an appropriate focus of research was later upheld by the ____.​

A)​physiologists
B)humanistic school
C)​social learning theorists
D)structuralists
E)humanistic school and social learning theorists

Answer 57

E)humanistic school and social learning theorists

Question 58

McDougall believed that human behavior ____.​

A)​derives from innate tendencies
B)could not be studied
C)​was a function of God’s will
D)could not be predicted or controlled
E)was solely determined by the environment

Answer 58

A)​derives from innate tendencies

Question 59

According to the text,Watson’s primary contribution to psychology was ___.​

A)​the rejection of consciousness
B)his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language
C)​his rejection of the instinct theory
D)his acceptance of social Darwinism
E)openness to different viewpoints

Answer 59

B)his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language

Question 60

In the long run,Watson’s behaviorism ____.​

A)​supplanted structuralism,pragmatism,and functionalism
B)supplanted structuralism but has continued to evolve alongside functionalism
C)​has continually interacted with functionalism,borrowing some concepts while criticizing others
D)supplanted structuralism and absorbed pragmatism and functionalism
E)was absorbed into the mainstream of psychology and thereby lost its distinctiveness and revolutionary spirit and initiative

Answer 60

E)was absorbed into the mainstream of psychology and thereby lost its distinctiveness and revolutionary spirit and initiative

Question 61

One part of the cerebral cortex is essentially equal to another in its contribution to learning;this is ____ principle of ____.​

A)​Watson’s;equipotentiality
B)Lashley’s;equipotentiality
C)​Lashley’s;mass action
D)Jastrow’s;cortical substitution
E)Jastrow’s;mass action

Answer 61

B)Lashley’s;equipotentiality

Question 62

McDougall’s arguments against Watson included that ____.​

A)​humans had free will
B)data pertaining to consciousness were valuable
C)​an appeal to God as the director of human behavior
D)free will made prediction and control unlikely
E)humans had free will and data pertaining to consciousness were valuable

Answer 62

E)humans had free will and data pertaining to consciousness were valuable

Question 63

Some argue that humans should learn more readily than lower animals because of humans’ greater amount of gray matter.Such a belief is variation of ____.​

A)​Watson’s purposive behaviorism
B)Watson’s concept of internal drives
C)​Lashley’s law of mass action
D)Lashley’s principle of equipotentiality
E)Watson’s paradigm of evolution from animals to humans

Answer 63

C)​Lashley’s law of mass action

Question 64

McDougall was especially critical of Watson’s ____.​

A)​reductionism
B)determinism
C)​positivism
D)mechanism
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 64

B)determinism

Question 65

A major criticism of Watson’s system is that it discounts ____.​

A)​sensation and perception
B)thought processes
C)​emotions
D)social relationships
E)extrasensory perception

Answer 65

A)​sensation and perception