Chapter 8

Question 1

Who was hired by Coca Cola to perform research in their 1911 court case?​

A)​James McKeen Cattell
B)Hugo Munsterberg
C)​Walter Dill Scott
D)Robert Yerkes
E)Harry Hollingworth

Answer 1

E)Harry Hollingworth

Question 2

Cattell’s Ph.D.was earned with ____.​

A)​Wundt at Leipzig
B)James at Harvard
C)​Titchener at Cornell
D)Angell at Chicago
E)Hall at Johns Hopkins

Answer 2

A)​Wundt at Leipzig

Question 3

Cattell wrote that he found himself “making brilliant discoveries in science and philosophy” when ____.​

A)​with Wundt at Leipzig
B)with Hall at Johns Hopkins
C)​with James at Harvard
D)using drugs
E)studying psychophysics

Answer 3

D)using drugs

Question 4

The main reason Wundt’s and Titchener’s systems did not survive in the United States was that they ____.​

A)​were German psychologies
B)were not pragmatic
C)​were not fruitful
D)were opposed to the behavioristic bent of Americans
E)relied on introspection

Answer 4

B)were not pragmatic

Question 5

In 1900,the American public’s response to the new science of psychology was ____.​

A)​concern about psychologists’ ability to read people’s minds
B)to reject it until World War I and the development of intelligence tests
C)​to embrace it
D)to reject functionalism but accept structuralism
E)to reject structuralism but accept functionalism

Answer 5

C)​to embrace it

Question 6

What persuaded psychologists to apply their expertise to problems in education?​

A)​World War I and immigration
B)An increase in public school enrollment
C)​Intelligence testing
D)The popular appeal and status of psychology
E)James’s Talks to Teachers and the need to test and educate newly arrived immigrants

Answer 6

A)​World War I and immigration

Question 7

Cattell’s interest in psychology was provoked by ____.

A)​Fechner’s book on psychophysics
B)Wundt’s book on experimental psychology
C)​James’s Principles
D)Freud’s papers on cocaine
E)his own use of drugs

Answer 7

E)his own use of drugs

Question 8

At the end of the 19th century, the field of ____ demanded the application of psychological principles to practical problems with rise in private school education.​

A)​physiology
B)military science
C)​education
D)social casework
E)criminal justice

Answer 8

C)​education

Question 9

Why did the FDA take Coca Cola to court in 1911?​

A)​Because one of Coke’s ingredients was cocaine.
B)Because one of Coke’s ingredients was caffeine.
C)​Because of illegal hiring practices.
D)Because of irregularities in the pricing of their stock.
E)Because they made unsupported claims in advertising.

Answer 9

B)Because one of Coke’s ingredients was caffeine.

Question 10

Cattell’s interest in mental tests probably was aroused most by ____.

A)​his work on reaction times in Wundt’s laboratory
B)Freud’s development of projective tests
C)​Hall’s use of questionnaires
D)his meeting with Galton while at Cambridge University
E)Hall’s child study movement

Answer 10

D)his meeting with Galton while at Cambridge University

Question 11

According to Cattell,by 1895 psychology was ____.​

A)​a required subject for an undergraduate degree
B)being irreparably damaged by the Structuralist-functionalist quarreling
C)​still synonymous with metaphysics for most Americans
D)most vigorously opposed by the traditional natural sciences
E)relatively unpopular in those few colleges that offered courses in it

Answer 11

A)​a required subject for an undergraduate degree

Question 12

If a 10-year-old can perform the same tasks as the average 15-year-old,then the child’s ____ is 15 and ____ is 150.​

A)​mental age;IQ score
B)IQ score;mental age
C)​mental age;developmental quotient.
D)developmental quotient;IQ score
E)developmental quotient;mental age

Answer 12

A)​mental age;IQ score

Question 13

Who argued for the sterilization of mental defectives and delinquents and cash incentives for the best and the brightest to marry and have children?​

A)​Scott
B)Hall
C)​Yerkes
D)Münsterberg
E)Cattell

Answer 13

E)Cattell

Question 14

Which of the following techniques became more widely applied in American psychology than in England?​

A)​graphic display of data
B)correlation coefficient
C)​chi-square test
D)anthropometric techniques
E)correlation coefficient and chi-square test

Answer 14

E)correlation coefficient and chi-square test

Question 15

Which of the following methods did Cattell develop?​

A)​the chi-square test
B)the order-of-merit ranking method
C)​correlational methods
D)the eugenics formula
E)the standard deviation formula

Answer 15

B)the order-of-merit ranking method

Question 16

Who translated and introduced the Binet intelligence test to American psychologists?​

A)​Cattell
B)Scott
C)​Simon
D)James
E)Goddard

Answer 16

E)Goddard

Question 17

Which early psychologist “rescued” the journal Science?​

A)Scott
B)Hall
C)​Yerkes
D)Münsterberg
E)Cattell

Answer 17

E)Cattell

Question 18

​The construct called “IQ” was developed by ____.

A)​Binet
B)Simon
C)​Pearson
D)Cattell
E)Stern

Answer 18

E)Stern

Question 19

The first effective tests of mental faculties were developed by ____.

A)​Hall
B)Cattell
C)​Binet
D)Terman
E)Wechsler

Answer 19

C)​Binet

Question 20

Galton’s influence on Cattell led to ____.​

A)​Cattell promoting the use of experimental and control groups
B)Cattell’s method of average error
C)​Cattell’s work on the army Alpha and army Beta tests
D)Witmer’s work with dyslexic children
E)the study of large groups rather than single subjects

Answer 20

E)the study of large groups rather than single subjects

Question 21

.

Answer 21

.

Question 22

​The results of Cattell’s research on mental tests with students at Columbia University indicated that his measures ____.

A)​were valid predictors of college achievement but not of intelligence
B)were valid predictors of intelligence but not of college grades
C)​predicted students’ grades in psychology courses but not in courses in the natural sciences
D)were unreliable because of personal equations
E)None of the choices are correct

Answer 22

E)None of the choices are correct

Question 23

.

Answer 23

.

Question 24

The largest “family” of second-generation psychologists was fostered by ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)James
C)​Binet
D)Cattell
E)Watson

Answer 24

D)Cattell

Question 25

The fundamental difference between the Binet tests and the army Alpha and Beta tests was that ____.​

A)​Binet’s tests were in French;the army tests were in English
B)the army tests included sensorimotor skills and reaction times
C)​Binet’s tests were individually administered;the army tests were for groups
D)the army tests could not assess mental ages lower than 17
E)Binet’s tests required literate subjects;the army tests did not

Answer 25

C)​Binet’s tests were individually administered;the army tests were for groups

Question 26

.

Answer 26

.

Question 27

Cattell was a strong proponent of ____.​

A)​eugenics
B)the single-subject design
C)​Watson’s behaviorism
D)social Darwinism
E)United States involvement in World War I

Answer 27

A)​eugenics

Question 28

Unlike Titchener,Cattell believed graduate students should ____.​

A)​study the contents of consciousness
B)adopt Carr’s final form of functionalism
C)​study children as well as adults
D)study animals as well as humans
E)study whatever they liked

Answer 28

E)study whatever they liked

Question 29

The original purpose for the founding of The Psychological Corporation was to ____.​

A)​bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell’s public dalliance with the occult
B)bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell’s termination for disloyalty to the United States in World War I
C)​deliver applied psychological services
D)create a corporation that would publish Cattell’s many books and journals
E)take revenge on G.Stanley Hall,who Cattell detested

Answer 29

C)​deliver applied psychological services

Question 30

Binet based his conclusion about appropriate measure of intelligence based on research conducted with ____.​

A)​French school children
B)Cattell’s students
C)​G.Stanley Hall
D)his daughters
E)Lewis Terman

Answer 30

D)his daughters

Question 31

Who revised the Binet intelligence test into what is known as the Stanford-Binet test?​

A)​Terman
B)Goddard
C)​Cattell
D)Witmer
E)Yerkes

Answer 31

A)​Terman

Question 32

One consequence of the adoption of the Stanford-Binet test in the United States is that ____.​

A)​public education has revolved around the IQ construct ever since
B)special education courses were established by 1919
C)​Terman used it to study genius among cross-sections of ethnic groups
D)gifted programs were established by 1923
E)the campaign to identify learning disabilities was firmly established by 1920

Answer 32

A)​public education has revolved around the IQ construct ever since

Question 33

The purpose of adopting metaphors from medical and engineering terminology was to ____.​

A)​liken psychology to the established sciences
B)reduce the stigma attached to seeking psychological help by adopting the terms “doctor” and “patient”
C)​show that psychology was scientific
D)establish psychology as a legitimate profession in medical and industrial settings
E)refocus the public’s attention on the experimental and statistical methods of psychology

Answer 33

A)​liken psychology to the established sciences

Question 34

To whom did Witmer turn for his diagnostic and treatment approaches?​

A)​Freud
B)Münsterberg
C)​Cattell
D)himself
E)Wundt

Answer 34

D)himself

Question 35

Behavioral and cognitive disorders would be attributed most heavily to ____ by Witmer.​

A)​genetic factors
B)environmental factors
C)​race
D)inbreeding
E)cultural differences

Answer 35

B)environmental factors

Question 36

Witmer’s methods of assessment and diagnosis ____.​

A)​were constructed as he needed them
B)were subject to stringent experimental study in laboratories
C)​were subject to stringent experimental study in the field
D)were tailored to the individual child and thus were not standardized
E)relied heavily on systems theory for their framework

Answer 36

A)​were constructed as he needed them

Question 37

The intelligence test,first developed by ____,is the basis for those still used today.​

A)​Cattell
B)Edison
C)​Witmer
D)Goddard
E)Binet

Answer 37

E)Binet

Question 38

.

Answer 38

.

Question 39

​Witmer’s “clinical psychology” is today known as ____.

A)​the child guidance movement
B)the child study movement
C)​educational psychology
D)school psychology
E)genetic psychology

Answer 39

D)school psychology

Question 40

.

Answer 40

.

Question 41

Who wrote Psychotherapy?​

A)​Münsterberg
B)Viteles
C)​Scott
D)Beers
E)Healey

Answer 41

A)​Münsterberg

Question 42

Who extended the age range of the Stanford-Binet downward?​

A)​James Cattell
B)Psyche Cattell
C)​Florence Goodenough
D)Thelma Thurstone
E)Anne Anastasi

Answer 42

B)Psyche Cattell

Question 43

Unlike ____,who used sensorimotor tests,____ assessed cognitive functions to measure intelligence.​

A)​Darwin;Galton and Cattell
B)Cattell;Witmer
C)​Galton and Cattell;Binet
D)Binet;Terman
E)Goddard;Binet

Answer 43

C)​Galton and Cattell;Binet

Question 44

Who developed the Draw-A-Man Test, a widely used nonverbal intelligence test for children?​

A)​Bond
B)Thurstone
C)​Goodenough
D)Anastasi
E)Cattell

Answer 44

C)​Goodenough

Question 45

The assessment and treatment of abnormal behavior in children was established in American psychology by ____.

A)​Münsterberg
B)Freud
C)​Goddard
D)Healey
E)Witmer

Answer 45

E)Witmer

Question 46

The team approach to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders was introduced by ____.​

A)​Healey
B)Münsterberg
C)​Witmer
D)Beers
E)Anna Freud

Answer 46

C)​Witmer

Question 47

The first techniques of psychological therapy to be used in America were developed by ____.​

A)​Witmer
B)Münsterberg
C)​Healey
D)Bleuler
E)Freud

Answer 47

A)​Witmer

Question 48

According to the intelligence testing of U.S.army recruits,which group scored higher on average?​

A)​Black Americans
B)White Americans
C)​Latin American immigrants
D)Mediterranean immigrants
E)southern European immigrants

Answer 48

B)White Americans

Question 49

.

Answer 49

.

Question 50

The effect of World War I on the evolution of psychological testing was to ____.​

A)​establish a hospitable environment for such endeavors
B)identify the need for “culture fair” tests
C)​establish a baseline of racial differences in IQs in the United States
D)refute the assumption that illiterates are mentally retarded
E)pave the way for aptitude tests for high-school students

Answer 50

A)​establish a hospitable environment for such endeavors

Question 51

Cattell agreed to employ Witmer at the University of Pennsylvania if he would ____.​

A)​study with Freud
B)study with James at Harvard
C)​earn his Ph.D.with Hall at Clark
D)earn his Ph.D.at Columbia
E)earn his Ph.D.with Wundt at Leipzig

Answer 51

E)earn his Ph.D.with Wundt at Leipzig

Question 52

The first to apply psychology to personnel selection was ____.​

A)​Yerkes
B)Münsterberg
C)​Scott
D)Witmer
E)Hawthorne

Answer 52

C)​Scott

Question 53

Scott’s hypothesis that consumers will do what they are told is called the ____.​

A)​law of suggestibility
B)”tea and sympathy” approach to advertising
C)​contraliminal perception principle
D)law of least effort
E)”trial and accidental success” method

Answer 53

A)​law of suggestibility

Question 54

The first Ph.D.recipient to apply psychological principles to advertising was ____.​

A)​Scott
B)Watson
C)​Hall
D)Cattell
E)Münsterberg

Answer 54

A)​Scott

Question 55

The first person to earn a PhD in industrial/organizational psychology was ____.​

A)​Walter Scott
B)Lightener Witmer
C)​Frank Gilbreth
D)Lillian Gilbreth
E)Anna Berliner

Answer 55

D)Lillian Gilbreth

Question 56

Who said,”There is no subconscious?”​

A)​Scott
B)Münsterberg
C)​Berliner
D)Witmer
E)Gilbreth

Answer 56

B)Münsterberg

Question 57

Who wrote The Theory and Practice of Advertising,the first book on the psychology of advertising?​

A)​Münsterberg
B)Beers
C)​Goodenough
D)Healey
E)Scott

Answer 57

E)Scott

Question 58

In 1919 the APA,controlled by academic psychologists,did which of the following?​

A)​changed membership requirements to increase the number of applied psychologists
B)changed membership requirements to decrease the number of applied psychologists
C)​made the APA an “official” scientific organization (distinct from philosophy)
D)created the first wartime commission
E)officially declared Behaviorism as the “only psychology”

Answer 58

A)​changed membership requirements to increase the number of applied psychologists

Question 59

Scott argued that consumers ____.​

A)​are more influenced by the mystical than by the practical
B)will purchase whatever assists their adaptation to their habitats
C)​will respond to whatever interrupts the stream of consciousness
D)are not rational beings
E)label their emotional responses to a stimulus only after they respond to it

Answer 59

D)are not rational beings

Question 60

Whose therapeutic technique might be described as “therapist-centered?”​

A)​Witmer’s
B)Münsterberg’s
C)​Hall’s
D)Freud’s
E)Scott’s

Answer 60

B)Münsterberg’s

Question 61

Which American psychologist is noteworthy for writing in industrial/organizational psychology,psychotherapy,and forensic psychology?​

A)​Scott
B)Münsterberg
C)​Berliner
D)Frank Gilbreth
E)Lillian Gilbreth

Answer 61

B)Münsterberg

Question 62

Münsterberg was best known ____.​

A)​through his publications in the popular press on applied psychology
B)through his scholarly publications in applied psychology
C)​for his research in psychophysics and his disputes with Wundt
D)for his research on animal learning
E)for his feminist sentiments

Answer 62

A)​through his publications in the popular press on applied psychology

Question 63

Forensic psychology was established with the work of ____.​

A)​Scott
B)Hall
C)​Münsterberg
D)Healey
E)Witmer

Answer 63

C)​Münsterberg

Question 64

The technique of telling consumers to “Use Brand X!” is traceable to ____ law of ____.​

A)​Münsterberg’s; suggestibility
B)Scott’s; direct pitch
C)​Scott’s; suggestibility
D)Witmer’s; suggestion
E)Scott’s; direct action

Answer 64

C)​Scott’s; suggestibility

Question 65

Organizational psychology was initiated with ____.​

A)​Walter Scott’s work
B)the demands of the VA hospital system after World War II
C)​the Hawthorne studies
D)the Zeigarnik effect research
E)Lewin’s work on social conflict

Answer 65

A)​Walter Scott’s work

Question 66

The two most profound influences on the growth of clinical psychology as a specialty were ____.​

A)​World War I and World War II
B)World War II and the VA hospital system
C)​the works of Binet and Freud
D)Witmer’s work and the world wars
E)the influx of German psychologists in the 1930s and the VA hospital system

Answer 66

B)World War II and the VA hospital system

Question 67

The use of physiological responses to assess a person’s truthfulness was proposed by ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)Cattell
C)​Scott
D)Münsterberg
E)Lange

Answer 67

D)Münsterberg

Question 68

Scott argued that the most effective advertisement consisted of ____.​

A)​a multiple-media approach
B)bright colors (such as McDonald’s golden arches)
C)​a sudden change in volume (such as television ads)
D)subliminal erotic components
E)a big picture accompanied by the fewest possible words (such as the Nike logo)

Answer 68

A)​a multiple-media approach