Chapter 11 MCQ

Question 1

Skinner’s former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo?​

A)​Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.
B)Behaviorism is a very lucrative business after receiving a Ph.D.from Skinner.
C)​Animals,like humans,are intelligent and have vastly complex minds.
D)Behaviorism is useless to solving real-world problems.
E)There are many hardships associated with animal psychology.

Answer 1

A)​Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

Question 2

Watson’s behaviorism ____.​

A)​transformed psychology overnight
B)was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought
C)​was essentially the same as neobehaviorism
D)lead directly to the cognitive revolution
E)eventually was abandoned by psychology

Answer 2

B)was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought

Question 3

The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____.​

A)​1913-1958
B)1925-1938
C)​1930-1960
D)1930-1990
E)1904-1990

Answer 3

C)​1930-1960

Question 4

Operationism means that a concept ____.​

A)​must be defined in logical terms
B)is synonymous with its methods of measurement
C)​must be mathematical
D)operates to control human mental processes
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 4

B)is synonymous with its methods of measurement

Question 5

The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____.​

A)​perception
B)the neurophysiology of the brain
C)​learning
D)unconscious mental processes
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 5

C)​learning

Question 6

Operationism was ____.​

A)​a major characteristic of neobehaviorism
B)intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems
C)​intended to make the language of science more objective and precise
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 6

D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ____.​

A)​the importance of human subjects
B)learning and conditioning as the crux of the science of psychology
C)​operationism
D)positivism
E)the rejection of the concept of consciousness

Answer 7

C)​operationism

Question 8

The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it is called ____.​

A)​positivism
B)science
C)​operationism
D)mechanism
E)determinism

Answer 8

C)​operationism

Question 9

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Answer 9

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Question 10

The term intervening variable refers to ____.​

A)​irrelevant stimuli in the conditioning setting
B)cognitive factors that may either interfere with or facilitate conditioning
C)​internal processes that “connect” the stimulus with a response
D)an explanation for insight learning
E)preventive conditioning

Answer 10

C)​internal processes that “connect” the stimulus with a response

Question 11

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Answer 11

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Question 12

Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as ____.​

A)​having no influence on the animal’s overt behavior
B)defined by intervening variables
C)​necessary for learning to take place
D)being the animal’s private business and therefore of no interest to him
E)important but unobservable by any means

Answer 12

A)​having no influence on the animal’s overt behavior

Question 13

Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior?​

A)​environmental stimuli
B)physiological drives
C)​heredity
D)motivation
E)age

Answer 13

D)motivation

Question 14

The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ____.​

A)​Descartes
B)Comte
C)​Mach
D)the British empiricists
E)the French materialists

Answer 14

D)the British empiricists

Question 15

Tolman’s position on Thorndike’s law of effect was to ____.​

A)​accept it
B)accept it as long as reward or reinforcement was omitted from the law
C)​reject it
D)incorporate it into his own purposive behavior theory
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 15

C)​reject it

Question 16

For Tolman,the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ____.​

A)​that the rat readily leaves the start box of a maze
B)that the rat behaves so as to obtain food
C)​that the animal changes its speed of running when the reward size is altered
D)learning
E)sign Gestalts

Answer 16

D)learning

Question 17

For Tolman,each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism’s ___.​

A)​learned responses
B)learned associations
C)​expectations
D)response cues
E)habit strength

Answer 17

C)​expectations

Question 18

In Tolman’s system,intervening variables were ____.​

A)​observable
B)dependent variables
C)​the determinants of behavior
D)independent variables
E)as useful as the notion of consciousness

Answer 18

C)​the determinants of behavior

Question 19

A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it ____.​

A)​was first adopted by physics
B)validated their desire for greater consistency in the science of psychology
C)​validated the use of rats to determine basic laws of human behavior
D)facilitated a new relationship with research endeavors in medicine
E)was easy to apply to experiments

Answer 19

A)​was first adopted by physics

Question 20

Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli)affect processes within the organism.These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response).These internal processes are known as ____.​

A)​operational variables
B)mental sets
C)​cognitive variables
D)intervening variables
E)concrete variables

Answer 20

D)intervening variables

Question 21

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Answer 21

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Question 22

What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy?​

A)​The former emphasizes success and failure whereas the latter emphasizes mental state.
B)The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it.
C)​The latter emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the former ignores it.
D)The latter is not a useful construct whereas the former is.
E)The latter is the basis of sociobehaviorism whereas the former is an elaboration of it.

Answer 22

B)The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it.

Question 23

Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?​

A)​Tolman’s
B)Guthrie’s
C)​Lewin’s
D)Wertheimer’s
E)Köhler’s

Answer 23

A)​Tolman’s

Question 24

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Answer 24

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Question 25

Edward C.Tolman’s system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ____.​

A)​molar behavior
B)stimulus-response associations
C)​intervening behaviorism
D)purposive behaviorism
E)goal setting theory

Answer 25

D)purposive behaviorism

Question 26

Tolman’s graduate training was in ____,as is reflected in his later work.​

A)​philosophy
B)structuralism
C)​Gestalt psychology
D)behaviorism
E)Both B and C

Answer 26

E)Both B and C

Question 27

From the 1940s to the 1960s,who dominated American psychology?​

A)​Tolman’s students and disciples
B)functional theorists
C)​Hullians
D)radical behaviorists
E)Skinnerians

Answer 27

C)​Hullians

Question 28

From 1930 until the 1960s,the ____ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists.​

A)​human being
B)white man
C)​white bunny
D)white rat
E)cat

Answer 28

D)white rat

Question 29

Hull’s background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ____.​

A)​his development of statistical analysis methods
B)his invention of a machine to calculate correlations
C)​the use of postulates and axioms in his system
D)his description and explanation of behavior in mathematical equations
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 29

E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 30

Hull’s primary research focus was grounded in ____.​

A)​Pavlov’s laws of conditioning
B)respondent behavior
C)​Watson’s behaviorism
D)Estes’s stimulus-sampling hypothesis
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 30

A)​Pavlov’s laws of conditioning

Question 31

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ____.​

A)​demonstrate the role of reinforcement in learning
B)provide the basic foundation from which other studies could be devised in order to replicate the results with other species
C)​provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals
D)yield basic information on motivation and motivation
E)serve as an intervening variable between higher and lower species

Answer 31

C)​provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals

Question 32

Hull had an immense knowledge of ____ and ____.​

A)​biology and chemistry
B)formal logic and mathematics
C)​mathematics and operationism
D)behavior and thought processes
E)psychology and the occult

Answer 32

B)formal logic and mathematics

Question 33

The learning theorist ____ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success.​

A)​Tolman
B)Hull
C)​Skinner
D)Bandura
E)Rotter

Answer 33

B)Hull

Question 34

Of all the neobehaviorists,the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ____.​

A)​Tolman
B)Rotter
C)​Hull
D)Skinner​
E)Bridgman

Answer 34

C)​Hull

Question 35

Which of the following men devoted 10 years to the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility?​

A)​Dollard
B)Tolman
C)​Pavlov
D)Hull
E)Miller

Answer 35

D)Hull

Question 36

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Answer 36

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Question 37

Hull’s system sought to describe and explain ____.​

A)​respondent behavior
B)operant behavior
C)​intervening variables
D)referents of consciousness
E)all behavior

Answer 37

E)all behavior

Question 38

According to Schultz and Schultz,”perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method” than was ____.​

A)​Watson
B)Tolman
C)​Hull
D)Holt
E)Skinner

Answer 38

C)​Hull

Question 39

The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they ____.​

A)​obscure the consciousness versus behaviorist distinction
B)are positivist
C)​are observable
D)are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs
E)have been reified

Answer 39

D)are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs

Question 40

Hull’s form of behaviorism was ____ than ____.​

A)​much freer of intervening variables;Tolman’s
B)much less free of intervening variables;Tolman’s
C)​less sophisticated and complex;Watson’s
D)more sophisticated and complex;Watson’s
E)more organismic;Tolman’s

Answer 40

D)more sophisticated and complex;Watson’s

Question 41

Throughout his professional career,Hull emphasized ____.​

A)​objective methods and functional laws
B)the importance of being open-minded
C)​that psychology must,above all,stress the basic
D)the importance of schedules of reinforcement
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 41

A)​objective methods and functional laws

Question 42

Hull’s work contributed to which of the following?​

A)​the hypothetico-deductive method
B)learning theory
C)​drive reduction theory
D)increasing generalizability
E)A,B,and C

Answer 42

E)A,B,and C

Question 43

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Answer 43

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Question 44

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____.​

A)​field theory
B)vectors (response directions and strengths)
C)​valences (reward values)
D)mathematics
E)behavior

Answer 44

D)mathematics

Question 45

Tolman described ____ as alternatively “creepy” and “delightful.”​

A)​Watson’s ideas
B)operational definitions
C)​intervening variables
D)white laboratory rats
E)the laboratories in which he worked

Answer 45

D)white laboratory rats

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive?​

A)​hunger
B)defecation
C)​sleep
D)pain relief
E)exercise

Answer 46

E)exercise

Question 47

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Answer 47

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Question 48

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions.Such an approach appears similar to whose research method?​

A)​Newton’s
B)Tolman’s
C)​Guthrie’s
D)Hull’s
E)Wundt’s

Answer 48

D)Hull’s

Question 49

Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn’s sense of the term)in psychology,one would have to implement which method?​

A)​simple observation
B)systematic controlled observation
C)​experimental testing of hypotheses
D)operant conditioning
E)the hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 49

E)the hypothetico-deductive method

Question 50

For Hull,drive reduction is ____.​

A)​an intervening variable
B)the sole basis for reinforcement
C)​an independent variable
D)a dependent variable
E)a vector

Answer 50

B)the sole basis for reinforcement

Question 51

Hull’s concept of motivation is grounded in the doctrine of ____.​

A)​biology
B)drive reduction
C)​the hypothetico-deductive method
D)induction
E)the variability hypothesis

Answer 51

A)​biology

Question 52

In Hull’s system,the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ____.​

A)​purposive behavior
B)intervening variables
C)​the length of deprivation of a physiological need
D)the degree of satisfaction the organism expects
E)reinforcement

Answer 52

E)reinforcement

Question 53

Hull’s training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ____.​

A)​mathematics
B)vectors (response directions and strengths)
C)​valences (reward values)
D)field theory
E)biology

Answer 53

A)​mathematics

Question 54

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ____.​

A)​simple observation
B)systematic controlled observation
C)​experimental testing of hypotheses
D)the hypothetico-deductive method
E)one-trial learning

Answer 54

D)the hypothetico-deductive method

Question 55

In Hull’s system,drive ____.​

A)​is a specific consequence of a specific state manipulated by the experimenter
B)directs behavior toward a specific goal
C)​energizes behavior
D)is always learned
E)is a respondent

Answer 55

C)​energizes behavior

Question 56

This person claimed that his own life was “predetermined,lawful,and orderly” just as his system would predict.​

A)​Pavlov
B)Watson
C)​Tolman
D)Hull
E)Skinner

Answer 56

E)Skinner

Question 57

“A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior” is a definition of ____.​

A)​drive
B)habit strength
C)​magnitude of conditioning
D)reflex reserve
E)magnitude of a respondent

Answer 57

A)​drive

Question 58

If seeing McDonald’s golden arches decreases your hunger,then the arches are ____.​

A)​primary reinforcement
B)secondary reinforcement
C)​habits
D)organismic variables
E)dependent variables

Answer 58

B)secondary reinforcement

Question 59

In Hull’s system,a drive is a(n)____.​

A)​intervening variable
B)stimulus
C)​response
D)intervening variable and stimulus
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 59

E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 60

Secondary drives are ____.​

A)​innate drives
B)biologically driven
C)​a result of pairing with a primary drive
D)only used to reduce pain responses
E)reinforced only when primary drives are satisfied

Answer 60

C)​a result of pairing with a primary drive

Question 61

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory.Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull’s method?​

A)​Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior.Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior.
B)From a set of theoretical postulates,deductions are made.These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally.The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.
C)​Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning.Once the theory is formed,there is no need to test the theory,since theory is more important than data.
D)Any of the choices might be correct,depending on the circumstances.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 61

B)From a set of theoretical postulates,deductions are made.These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally.The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.

Question 62

Secondary drives are ____.​

A)​those less vital than primary drives
B)learned drives
C)​those not included in the categories of food,liquid,or warmth
D)those not associated with food,water,or warmth
E)those that occur in uncontrolled (nonexperimental)situations such as “real life”

Answer 62

B)learned drives

Question 63

Thorndike and Hull agreed that,in order for learning to occur,the organism must ____.​

A)​form cognitive maps of the situation
B)represent the environment in terms of mental elements
C)​have a need state
D)experience reinforcement occurring after a response
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 63

D)experience reinforcement occurring after a response

Question 64

Hull’s law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ____.​

A)​Hartley’s law of contiguity
B)Rotter’s locus of control
C)​Thorndike’s law of effect
D)Thorndike’s law of exercise
E)Skinner’s continuous reinforcement principle

Answer 64

C)​Thorndike’s law of effect

Question 65

In Hull’s system,habit strength is ____.​

A)​the strength of the S-R connection
B)evidence of latent learning
C)​a function of the number of reinforcements
D)a function of the size of the drive
E)a function of the size of the reward (incentive)

Answer 65

A)​the strength of the S-R connection

Question 66

To the end of his life,Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it ____.​

A)​ignored biological factors
B)was a science of the mind
C)​could not explain cognition
D)did not adapt to the changing world
E)was not a natural science in its methods

Answer 66

B)was a science of the mind

Question 67

Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid.In both cases,they must select ____.​

A)​applied psychology principles
B)schedules of reinforcement
C)​rates of responding
D)only continuous schedules
E)extinction schedules

Answer 67

E)extinction schedules

Question 68

The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ____.​

A)​practice
B)repetition
C)​reinforcement
D)the operant
E)stimulus control

Answer 68

C)​reinforcement

Question 69

The central difference between Skinner’s law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull’s position on learning is that ____.​

A)​Skinner thought that all behavior is controlled by reinforcement whereas Thorndike and Hull did not think reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur
B)There is none because all were interested in acquisition,not learning
C)​For Thorndike and Hull human behavior is purposive and controlled by free will whereas Skinner was a strict determinist
D)Thorndike and Hull were concerned with description;Skinner was concerned with explanation
E)Skinner’s law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull’s positions are explanatory

Answer 69

E)Skinner’s law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull’s positions are explanatory

Question 70

The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ____,who did not receive acclaim for the text until 50 years later.​

A)​Skinner
B)Washburn
C)​Tolman
D)Hull
E)Frost

Answer 70

A)​Skinner

Question 71

A criticism of Skinner’s work is his ____.​

A)​use of the hypothetico-deductive method
B)emphasis on positive reinforcement and rejection of punishment
C)​willingness to extrapolate from the data,especially with regard to human behavior
D)work on instinctive behavior
E)unassailable adherence to operationism

Answer 71

C)​willingness to extrapolate from the data,especially with regard to human behavior

Question 72

Skinner defined a reflex as a(n)____.​

A)​objectively observable product of the autonomic nervous system
B)intervening variable
C)​respondent
D)S-R connection
E)S-R correlation and nothing more

Answer 72

E)S-R correlation and nothing more

Question 73

Skinner’s research was unique among that of the major neobehaviorists in his ____.​

A)​use of the single-subject design
B)relative lack of a theoretical framework
C)​concern with describing rather than explaining behavior
D)rejection of variables inside the organism
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 73

E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 74

For Skinner,the dependent variable is the ____.​

A)​rate of response
B)force of the response
C)​velocity of the response
D)number of trials to criterion
E)number of reinforced trials

Answer 74

A)​rate of response

Question 75

Who drew a distinction between operant behavior and respondent behavior?​

A)​Pavlov
B)Hull
C)​Watson
D)Tolman
E)Skinner

Answer 75

E)Skinner

Question 76

The success of Skinner’s book The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ____.​

A)​how clearly it was written
B)the Zeitgeist,demonstrated by its immediate success
C)​the publicity about and popularity of the air crib
D)the utopia he described in Walden Two and the book’s popularity among college students in the 1950s
E)the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

Answer 76

E)the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

Question 77

Skinner claimed that he studied ____ while Pavlov studied ____.​

A)​free behavior;reflexive behavior
B)acquired behavior;reflexive behavior​
C)​elicited behavior;emitted behavior
D)explanations;descriptions
E)operant behavior;respondent behavior

Answer 77

E)operant behavior;respondent behavior

Question 78

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Answer 78

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Question 79

Skinner raised his daughter in an “air crib” with the result that she ____.​

A)​is a behaviorally disturbed individual
B)was not adversely affected
C)​took longer to be cared for than children raised by traditional methods
D)refused to look at people as an adult
E)was unable to sleep in a regular bed

Answer 79

B)was not adversely affected

Question 80

Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior?​

A)​Skinner
B)Hull
C)​Watson
D)Tolman
E)Bandura

Answer 80

A)​Skinner

Question 81

A schedule of reinforcement ____.​

A)​lists which behaviors can be conditioned
B)depicts the steps necessary to establish an operant response
C)​is not used by operant researchers
D)depicts the steps necessary to establish a respondent
E)determines when reinforcement occurs

Answer 81

E)determines when reinforcement occurs

Question 82

For Skinner,what is the primary characteristic of living things?​

A)​oxygen
B)life on earth
C)​behavior
D)stimuli
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 82

C)​behavior

Question 83

The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ____.​

A)​behavior modification
B)chaining
C)​trial-and-learning
D)omission training
E)sneaky

Answer 83

A)​behavior modification

Question 84

Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the ____.​

A)​importance of contiguity
B)importance of reinforcement
C)​focus on operants rather than on respondents
D)quantification of responses
E)lack of theoretical framework

Answer 84

E)lack of theoretical framework

Question 85

From the 1950s to the 1980’s,American Psychology was shaped more by the work of ____ than by the work of any other psychologist.​

A)​Tolman
B)Hull
C)​Skinner
D)Tolman.
E)Mowrer

Answer 85

C)​Skinner

Question 86

People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ____.​

A)​a tendency toward depression
B)an external locus of control
C)​an internal locus of control
D)a subjective expectations and experiences
E)a low locus of control

Answer 86

C)​an internal locus of control

Question 87

The term social learning theory was coined by ____.​

A)​Tolman
B)Bandura
C)​Rotter
D)Neisser
E)Skinner

Answer 87

C)​Rotter

Question 88

Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ____.​

A)​are self-activated
B)require observable S-R contiguity
C)​require reinforcement for acquisition
D)occur in one trial
E)are often overlooked because of the focus on acts rather than movements

Answer 88

A)​are self-activated

Question 89

Rotter has suggested that locus of control ____.​

A)​is acquired in infancy,much like Horney’s basic anxiety
B)is acquired in childhood
C)​is acquired in adolescence,much like Erikson’s ego identity
D)is acquired over the life span,much like Erikson’s ego integrity
E)fluctuates in accord with one’s self-efficacy

Answer 89

B)is acquired in childhood

Question 90

The “third stage” of behaviorism refers to ____.​

A)​the advent of humanism
B)sociobehaviorism
C)​the reframing of psychoanalytic concepts in behavioristic terms
D)the implementation of behaviorism’s laws of learning in clinical psychology
E)the return to Watsonian thought

Answer 90

B)sociobehaviorism

Question 91

Bandura argues that what changes a person’s behavior is ____.​

A)​what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is
B)the actual schedule of reinforcement
C)​their free will
D)the result of his or her intelligence
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 91

A)​what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is

Question 92

Whereas a concern of Skinner was the improvement of society through his technology of behavior,Bandura’s is more specific,namely the ____.​

A)​alleviation of abnormal behavior
B)reduction of media violence
C)​identification of the characteristics that are most potent
D)identification of factors that influence locus of control
E)identification of the observable referents of self-efficacy

Answer 92

A)​alleviation of abnormal behavior

Question 93

A concept of Bandura that reflects one’s beliefs about one’s own adequacy is ____.​

A)​striving for superiority
B)self-esteem
C)​self-concept
D)feelings of inferiority
E)self-efficacy

Answer 93

E)self-efficacy

Question 94

A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ____.​

A)​fixed interval
B)variable interval
C)​fixed ratio
D)variable ratio
E)vicarious

Answer 94

E)vicarious

Question 95

The main criticism of Bandura’s system is ____.​

A)​the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior
B)that cognitive processes are as mystical as consciousness
C)​that cognitive processes have no physiological or physical referents
D)the importance he attributes to modeling
E)the importance he attributes to the construct of self-efficacy

Answer 95

A)​the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior

Question 96

For Bandura,the agent who controls the ____ controls behavior.​

A)​reinforcers
B)punishers
C)​models
D)stimuli
E)expectancies

Answer 96

C)​models