Chapter 8 Content Flashcards
What is the FDA Raid (Target Coca-Cola)? 4 MAIN POINTS
- Drug bust for a substance that was a syrup bade for Coca-Cola
- Assumed that the substance was hazardous and habit-forming
- Harry Hollingsworth : conducted a 30 day research program to determine whether the amount of caffeine was harmful or declines performance
- Results : no harmful effects or significant declines in performance were found. Coca-cola won the case.
Toward a Practical Psychology 4 MAIN POINTS
- Wundt’s Psychology not suited for American Zeitgeist
- Structuralism evolved to functionalism
- Study changed to not what the mind is but what the mind does
- Move toward a practical psychology – Applied psychology
Why was wundt’s psychology not suited for American Zeitgeist?
American psychology was much more guided by ideas of Darwin, Galton, and Spencer and focused more on functionalism… Wundt focused on structuralism
The Growth of American Psychology 4 MAIN POINTS
- 1880-1900: rapid growth of psychology research and practice in the US
- Increase in student interest
- 1893 Chicago World’s Fair: psychology put on display with research instruments and a demonstration testing laboratory
- America embraced psychology with enthusiasm
Economic influences of Applied Psychology 5 MAIN POINTS
- Job opportunities quickly filled, new Ph.D graduates were forced to look beyond university employment
- Need for psychologists to enter other industries to escape poverty
- Need to develop the value of psychology
- Hollingsworth shows that psychology can be applied to advertising and had mass appeal
- G. Stanley Hall proposed psychology needs to make its influence felt outside of the university
Examples of Applied fields? 5 EXAMPLES
Education
Big business/industry
Psychological testing
Criminal Justice
Mental Health Clinics
Who was mental testing best represented by?
James McKeen Cattell
What did Cattell promote regarding mental testing?
Promoted a practical, test-orientated approach to the study of mental processes
What was Cattell concerned with?
Concerned with human abilities rather than the content of consciousness
Close to being a functionalist
What made Cattell interested in Psychology?
Interested in psychology as a result of his own experiments with drugs
Some drugs cheered him and reduced his depression. He recorded the effects of drugs on his cognitive functioning.
Who did Cattell study with?
Studied with Wundt in Leipzig
Cattell conducted experiments on reaction time. What is reaction time?
Time required for different mental activities
Who did Cattell admire and what was it he admired? This led him to become one of the first American psychologists to stress?
Admired Galton’s emphasis on measurement and statistics
Became one of the first American Psychologists to stress quantification, ranking, and ratings
What work of Galton was Cattell interested in? and what are the two things it argued?
Eugenics - how to arrange population to increase heritable characteristics
- Argued for the sterilisation of delinquents and “defective persons”
- Argued for offering incentives to healthy, intelligent people if they would intermarry
Who coined the term mentel tests? and mental age
Cattell - mental test
Binet - mental age
What did mental tests test?
Motor skill and sensory capacities (unlike intelligence tests)
What did Alfred Binet develop that promoted the psychological testing movement?
Developed the first truly psychological test of mental ability (evolved to Stanford-Binet intelligence scale)
- Used more complex measures than those selected by Cattell
Whose approaches did Binet disagree with and why?
Disagreed with Galton and Cattell’s approach
Galton/Cattell – used tests of sensorimotor processes to attempt to measure intelligence
Binet – believed assessing cognitive functions (memory, attention, imagination, comprehension) would be more appropriate measures of intelligence.
What was vital capacity believed to be related to?
intelligence
What is mental age?
The age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks
Who did Lewis M. Terman study with?
Studied with Hall
What did Terman invent?
Invented a test of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – a number denoting a person’s intelligence
What is the formula to determine IQ?
mental age / chronological age x 100
During the War: how did psychologists aid the war effort? 4 MAIN POINTS
- Psychological testing applied to the problem of assessing the level of intelligence of recruits to classify them and assign them suitable tasks
- Grouped into Army Alpha and Army Beta (Beta for non-English-Speaking or illiterate people)
- More than one million men were tested
- Personality tests used when the army expressed interest in seperating out neurotic recruits
After the War: 3 MAIN POINTS the contributed to the psychological movement
- Psychological testing gained the success of public acceptance
- The public education system in the US was reorganised around the concept of IQ
- Many psychologists found gainful employment developing and applying psychological tests
Ideas from Medicine and Engineering that contributed to the psychological movement. 3 MAIN POINTS
Psychology uses language of medicine to persuade people that psychology was just as legitimate, scientific, and essential as the more established sciences
Psychology describes the people they test not as subjects but as patients
Metaphors from engineering
2 examples of metaphors that psychology adopted from engineering?
society = a bridge
intelligence tests = tool preserving the strength of the bridge by detecting its weakest elements
Racial Differences in Intelligence:
- Testing of immigrants at Ellis Island indicated that many were mentally retarded
- IQ tests showed Blacks had a lower IQ than whites. Some thought they were inherently less intelligent
What did later research show regarding the testing done on immigrants at Ellis Island?
later research showed that the test favoured those familiar with English and the American culture
What did late research show regarding the IQ testing showing blacks have a lower IQ than whites?
later, evidence showed that IQ differences are environmental, not biological
Who are the 4 women who contributed to the testing movement of psychology?
Florence L. Goodenough
Maude Merril James
Psyche Cattell
Anne Anastasi
What did Florence L. Goodenough develop?
the Draw-A-Man Test : non-verbal intelligence test for children
What did Maude Merril James contribute to the testing movement of psychology?
wrote with Lewis Terman in 1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
What did Psyche Cattell contribute to the testing movement of psychology?
developed the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale
extending age range of the Stanford-Binet downward – infants as young as 3 months old
Who began the field of clinical psychology?
Lightner Witmer
How did Lightner Witmer contribute to the clinical psychology movement? 5 MAIN POINTS
- Began the field of clinical psychology
- Started the world’s first psychology clinic
- Offered the first college course on clinical psychology
- Started the first clinical psychology journal
- Clinics for child evlaution
How was Lightner Witmer’s psychology different from modern psychology?
He did not use psychotherapy, instead assessed and treated learning and behavioural problems in schoolchildren (now known as school psychology)
What was Ligthner Witmer a pioneer of?
Functional Psychology
What cases did Lightner Witmer work on in his clinics for child evalutation? 3 MAIN POINTS
Hyperactivity
Learning Disabilities
Poor speech and motor development
What was the evaluation of the child evaluation clinics conducted by Lightner Witmer? 3 MAIN POINTS
Physical Evaluation: emotional and cognitive functioning could be affected by physical problems
Social Workers gave summary of family history: genetics factors largely responsible for behavioural and cognitive disturbances
Later, Witmer realised that environmental factors were important
Clinical psychology advanced slowly as a profession: when did the profession advance? 3 MAIN POINTS
- Changed when the US entered WW2
- Large number of draftees had severe anxieties, depression, antisocial demeanours, uncontrolled anger, and generally unstable psychic presentations.
- Army established training programs for hundreds of clinical psychologists to treat military personnel
What was Walter Dill Scott the first to apply psychology to?
personnel selection, management, and advertising
What did Walter Dill Scott argue regarding Advertising and Human Suggestibility?
Scott argued that because consumers often do not act rationally, they can be easily influenced
What did Scott devise regarding employee selection?
Devised rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of people who were already successful in these occupations
What was the impact of WW1 on the industrial-organisational psychology movement?
monumental increase in the scope, popularity, and growth of industrial-organisational psychology
- evaluated the job qualifications of 3 million soldiers
- demonstrated psychology’s worth
What was the impact of WW2 on the industrial-organisational psychology movement?
brought psychologists into war work for testing, screening, and classifying recruits
- increase in engineering psychology
What was the Hawthorne Studies and Organisational issues? Results and what did it lead to?
- An investigation of the effects of the physical work environment
Results: Social/psychological work place were much more important than the physical conditions
- Led to exploration of leadership, work groups, work climate, communication, etc.
Which woman was a contributor to industrial-organisational psychology?
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
What did Lillian Moller Gilbreth contribute to industrial/organisational psychology? 3 MAIN POINTS
- Promoted time-and-motion analysis as a technique to improve efficiency in job-performance
- Discriminated against for being a women in business and publishing
- Ideas applied to the organisation of the home
Who is Hugo Munsterburg? 5 MAIN POINTS
- Wrote hundreds of popular magazine articles and almost two dozen books
- Interest in applied areas: clinical, industrial, and forensic psychology
- Forensic psychology and eyewitness testimony: psychology and law (crime prevention, hypnosis to question suspects, mental tests to detect guilty persons, questionable trustworthiness of eyewitness testimony)
- Psychotherapy: treated patients in his lab using suggestion and believed mental illness was really a behavioural maladjustment problem
- Industrial psychology: contributed to vocational guidance; advertising; personnel management; mental testing; employee motivation; effects on job performance
What happened to applied psychology at the end of the World Wars?
- Applied psychology became a more respected profession
- Academic psychology benefited from applied psychology during the wars
- Increased demand to fix real-world problems
- More popular than academic psychology.
