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History of Psychology > Chapter 8 Content > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Content Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the FDA Raid (Target Coca-Cola)? 4 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Drug bust for a substance that was a syrup bade for Coca-Cola
  • Assumed that the substance was hazardous and habit-forming
  • Harry Hollingsworth : conducted a 30 day research program to determine whether the amount of caffeine was harmful or declines performance
  • Results : no harmful effects or significant declines in performance were found. Coca-cola won the case.
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2
Q

Toward a Practical Psychology 4 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Wundt’s Psychology not suited for American Zeitgeist
  • Structuralism evolved to functionalism
  • Study changed to not what the mind is but what the mind does
  • Move toward a practical psychology – Applied psychology
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3
Q

Why was wundt’s psychology not suited for American Zeitgeist?

A

American psychology was much more guided by ideas of Darwin, Galton, and Spencer and focused more on functionalism… Wundt focused on structuralism

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4
Q

The Growth of American Psychology 4 MAIN POINTS

A
  • 1880-1900: rapid growth of psychology research and practice in the US
  • Increase in student interest
  • 1893 Chicago World’s Fair: psychology put on display with research instruments and a demonstration testing laboratory
  • America embraced psychology with enthusiasm
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5
Q

Economic influences of Applied Psychology 5 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Job opportunities quickly filled, new Ph.D graduates were forced to look beyond university employment
  • Need for psychologists to enter other industries to escape poverty
  • Need to develop the value of psychology
  • Hollingsworth shows that psychology can be applied to advertising and had mass appeal
  • G. Stanley Hall proposed psychology needs to make its influence felt outside of the university
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6
Q

Examples of Applied fields? 5 EXAMPLES

A

Education
Big business/industry
Psychological testing
Criminal Justice
Mental Health Clinics

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7
Q

Who was mental testing best represented by?

A

James McKeen Cattell

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8
Q

What did Cattell promote regarding mental testing?

A

Promoted a practical, test-orientated approach to the study of mental processes

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9
Q

What was Cattell concerned with?

A

Concerned with human abilities rather than the content of consciousness

Close to being a functionalist

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10
Q

What made Cattell interested in Psychology?

A

Interested in psychology as a result of his own experiments with drugs

Some drugs cheered him and reduced his depression. He recorded the effects of drugs on his cognitive functioning.

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11
Q

Who did Cattell study with?

A

Studied with Wundt in Leipzig

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12
Q

Cattell conducted experiments on reaction time. What is reaction time?

A

Time required for different mental activities

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13
Q

Who did Cattell admire and what was it he admired? This led him to become one of the first American psychologists to stress?

A

Admired Galton’s emphasis on measurement and statistics

Became one of the first American Psychologists to stress quantification, ranking, and ratings

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14
Q

What work of Galton was Cattell interested in? and what are the two things it argued?

A

Eugenics - how to arrange population to increase heritable characteristics

  • Argued for the sterilisation of delinquents and “defective persons”
  • Argued for offering incentives to healthy, intelligent people if they would intermarry
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15
Q

Who coined the term mentel tests? and mental age

A

Cattell - mental test

Binet - mental age

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16
Q

What did mental tests test?

A

Motor skill and sensory capacities (unlike intelligence tests)

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17
Q

What did Alfred Binet develop that promoted the psychological testing movement?

A

Developed the first truly psychological test of mental ability (evolved to Stanford-Binet intelligence scale)

  • Used more complex measures than those selected by Cattell
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18
Q

Whose approaches did Binet disagree with and why?

A

Disagreed with Galton and Cattell’s approach

Galton/Cattell – used tests of sensorimotor processes to attempt to measure intelligence

Binet – believed assessing cognitive functions (memory, attention, imagination, comprehension) would be more appropriate measures of intelligence.

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19
Q

What was vital capacity believed to be related to?

A

intelligence

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20
Q

What is mental age?

A

The age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks

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21
Q

Who did Lewis M. Terman study with?

A

Studied with Hall

22
Q

What did Terman invent?

A

Invented a test of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – a number denoting a person’s intelligence

23
Q

What is the formula to determine IQ?

A

mental age / chronological age x 100

24
Q

During the War: how did psychologists aid the war effort? 4 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Psychological testing applied to the problem of assessing the level of intelligence of recruits to classify them and assign them suitable tasks
  • Grouped into Army Alpha and Army Beta (Beta for non-English-Speaking or illiterate people)
  • More than one million men were tested
  • Personality tests used when the army expressed interest in seperating out neurotic recruits
25
Q

After the War: 3 MAIN POINTS the contributed to the psychological movement

A
  • Psychological testing gained the success of public acceptance
  • The public education system in the US was reorganised around the concept of IQ
  • Many psychologists found gainful employment developing and applying psychological tests
26
Q

Ideas from Medicine and Engineering that contributed to the psychological movement. 3 MAIN POINTS

A

Psychology uses language of medicine to persuade people that psychology was just as legitimate, scientific, and essential as the more established sciences

Psychology describes the people they test not as subjects but as patients

Metaphors from engineering

27
Q

2 examples of metaphors that psychology adopted from engineering?

A

society = a bridge

intelligence tests = tool preserving the strength of the bridge by detecting its weakest elements

28
Q

Racial Differences in Intelligence:

A
  • Testing of immigrants at Ellis Island indicated that many were mentally retarded
  • IQ tests showed Blacks had a lower IQ than whites. Some thought they were inherently less intelligent
29
Q

What did later research show regarding the testing done on immigrants at Ellis Island?

A

later research showed that the test favoured those familiar with English and the American culture

30
Q

What did late research show regarding the IQ testing showing blacks have a lower IQ than whites?

A

later, evidence showed that IQ differences are environmental, not biological

31
Q

Who are the 4 women who contributed to the testing movement of psychology?

A

Florence L. Goodenough
Maude Merril James
Psyche Cattell
Anne Anastasi

32
Q

What did Florence L. Goodenough develop?

A

the Draw-A-Man Test : non-verbal intelligence test for children

33
Q

What did Maude Merril James contribute to the testing movement of psychology?

A

wrote with Lewis Terman in 1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

34
Q

What did Psyche Cattell contribute to the testing movement of psychology?

A

developed the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale

extending age range of the Stanford-Binet downward – infants as young as 3 months old

35
Q

Who began the field of clinical psychology?

A

Lightner Witmer

36
Q

How did Lightner Witmer contribute to the clinical psychology movement? 5 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Began the field of clinical psychology
  • Started the world’s first psychology clinic
  • Offered the first college course on clinical psychology
  • Started the first clinical psychology journal
  • Clinics for child evlaution
37
Q

How was Lightner Witmer’s psychology different from modern psychology?

A

He did not use psychotherapy, instead assessed and treated learning and behavioural problems in schoolchildren (now known as school psychology)

38
Q

What was Ligthner Witmer a pioneer of?

A

Functional Psychology

39
Q

What cases did Lightner Witmer work on in his clinics for child evalutation? 3 MAIN POINTS

A

Hyperactivity
Learning Disabilities
Poor speech and motor development

40
Q

What was the evaluation of the child evaluation clinics conducted by Lightner Witmer? 3 MAIN POINTS

A

Physical Evaluation: emotional and cognitive functioning could be affected by physical problems

Social Workers gave summary of family history: genetics factors largely responsible for behavioural and cognitive disturbances

Later, Witmer realised that environmental factors were important

41
Q

Clinical psychology advanced slowly as a profession: when did the profession advance? 3 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Changed when the US entered WW2
  • Large number of draftees had severe anxieties, depression, antisocial demeanours, uncontrolled anger, and generally unstable psychic presentations.
  • Army established training programs for hundreds of clinical psychologists to treat military personnel
42
Q

What was Walter Dill Scott the first to apply psychology to?

A

personnel selection, management, and advertising

43
Q

What did Walter Dill Scott argue regarding Advertising and Human Suggestibility?

A

Scott argued that because consumers often do not act rationally, they can be easily influenced

44
Q

What did Scott devise regarding employee selection?

A

Devised rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of people who were already successful in these occupations

45
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on the industrial-organisational psychology movement?

A

monumental increase in the scope, popularity, and growth of industrial-organisational psychology

  • evaluated the job qualifications of 3 million soldiers
  • demonstrated psychology’s worth
46
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on the industrial-organisational psychology movement?

A

brought psychologists into war work for testing, screening, and classifying recruits

  • increase in engineering psychology
47
Q

What was the Hawthorne Studies and Organisational issues? Results and what did it lead to?

A
  • An investigation of the effects of the physical work environment

Results: Social/psychological work place were much more important than the physical conditions

  • Led to exploration of leadership, work groups, work climate, communication, etc.
48
Q

Which woman was a contributor to industrial-organisational psychology?

A

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

49
Q

What did Lillian Moller Gilbreth contribute to industrial/organisational psychology? 3 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Promoted time-and-motion analysis as a technique to improve efficiency in job-performance
  • Discriminated against for being a women in business and publishing
  • Ideas applied to the organisation of the home
50
Q

Who is Hugo Munsterburg? 5 MAIN POINTS

A
  • Wrote hundreds of popular magazine articles and almost two dozen books
  • Interest in applied areas: clinical, industrial, and forensic psychology
  • Forensic psychology and eyewitness testimony: psychology and law (crime prevention, hypnosis to question suspects, mental tests to detect guilty persons, questionable trustworthiness of eyewitness testimony)
  • Psychotherapy: treated patients in his lab using suggestion and believed mental illness was really a behavioural maladjustment problem
  • Industrial psychology: contributed to vocational guidance; advertising; personnel management; mental testing; employee motivation; effects on job performance
51
Q

What happened to applied psychology at the end of the World Wars?

A
  • Applied psychology became a more respected profession
  • Academic psychology benefited from applied psychology during the wars
  • Increased demand to fix real-world problems
  • More popular than academic psychology.

History of Psychology (8 decks)

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