Chapter 13 Content Flashcards
Was it only a dream – what was the little boys dream?
- Mother is carried into a room
- People carrying her are not human-extremely tall, dressed in strange clothing, with bird-like faces
What is the superficial meaning and true meaning of Freuds little boy dream?
- Superficial meaning: a little boy afraid of losing his mother
- True meaning: symbolized the sexual longing of a seven-year-old boy for his mother
Fried believes in 3 great shows to the collective human ego, what are they?
Copernicus: Earth is not the center of the universe
Darwin: the theory of evolution
Freud: the influence of unconscious forces
Psychoanalysis was distinct from mainstream psychological thought in?
goals
subject matter
methods
What are the 4 antecedents influences on psychoanalysis?
- philosophical speculations about unconscious psychological phenomena
- early approaches about psychopathology
- more humane treatments
- evolutionary theory
What are the three philosophical speculations about unconscious psychological phenomena?
monadology : Leibnitz
threshold of consciousness : Herbart
mind is analogous : fechner
What is monadology?
Leibnitz’s theory of psychic entities, called monads, which are similar to perceptions
What is threshold of consciousness?
Herbart: theorizing of a threshold of consciousness; conflict develops among ideas as they struggle for conscious realization
What is “the mind is analogous”?
Fechner: suggested that the mind is analogous to an iceberg; had a great impact on Freud
What are the 4 early approaches about psychopathology?
- babylonians
- greek philosophers
- christianity
- 18th century
What were the babylonians approach to psychopathology?
believed mental illness caused by possession of demons; treated by magic/prayer
What were the greek philosophers approach to psychopathology?
believed mental illness arose from disordered thought processes; used persuasive healing powers of words
What were the Christians approach to psychopathology?
blames evil spirits; treated mental illness with severe punishment
What was the 18th century approach to psychopathology?
mental illness viewed as irrational behavior; treated by institutionalizing people
What were the 5 more humane treatments?
- reforms in the treatment of mental illness
- psychiatrists were divided into two camps; somatic and psychic
- the Emmanuel movement
- hypnosis used as therapeutic technique
- physicians began to think of curing by treating mind instead of body
What is the Emmanuel movement?
offered talk therapy sessions for the mentally ill
Freuds thinking was strongly influenced by?
Darwin’s writings
Darwins writing include?
- unconscious mental processes and conflicts
- the significance of dreams
- the hidden symbolism of certain behaviors
- the importance of sexual arousal
Freud’s theory of children development was influenced by?
Darwins material about mental evolution in humans and animals
What are freud’s 4 adults personality characteristics?
self-confidence
ambition
desire for achievement
dreams of glory and fame
Freud experimented with which drug?
cocaine, which he believed to be a medicinal cure to ailments
What is the case of Anna O.?
- Patient of Josef Breuer; discussed case with Freud
- Suffered from severe hysterical complaints that including paralysis, memory loss, mental deterioration, nausea, and disturbances of vision and speech
- Symptoms first appeared when she was nursing her dying father
- During hypnosis: while hypnotized she would recall specific experiences that seemed to have given rise to certain symptoms
Freud observed Charcots use of?
hypnosis to treat hysteria
Freud adopted Brier’s method of?
methods of hypnosis and catharsis to treat his patients
What is free association?
a psychotherapeutic technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind
What did freud find using free association?
Freud found that his patients’ memories reached back to childhood; many of the repressed experiences they recalled concerned sexual issues
What did Freuds book on hysteria mark the beginning of?
to mark the formal beginning of psychoanalysis
Freud was convinced that sex was the sole cause of?
neurotic behavior
What is freud’s child seduction theory?
- Freud believed most of his women patients reported traumatic sexual experiences in childhood, often involving family members
- Later revised to suggest that the childhood seduction experiences his patients described were not real; they had not actually happened
Freud had a positivist belief that?
everything had a cause, including dreams
Freud attempts to analyze himself, yet cannot do so using?
free association
What is dream analysis?
a psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflict
What is the Freudian slip?
an act of forgetting or a lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives or anxieties
.
.
Based on Freud’s suggestion that unconscious ideas are struggling for?
expression and affect our thoughts and actions
Goal of therapy?
wean patients from this childlike dependency on the therapist and help them assume an adult role in their lives
Primary concern of therapy?
Primary concern was not to cure people but to explain the dynamics of human behavior
Patients often react in different ways in therapy, what are they?
Resistance
Repression
.
.
What are Instincts? what are the two main instincts?
mental representations of internal stimuli that motivate personality and behavior
- Life instinct (libido)
- Death instinct
What are the 4 levels of personality stated by freud?
Conscious versus unconscious
Id
Ego
Superego
What is anxiety?
functions as a warning that the ego is being threatened
What are defense mechanisms?
behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety
what are psychosexual stages of personality development?
the developmental stages of childhood centering on erogenous zones
What was meant by freud influenced by mechanistic ideas?
- All mental events, even dreams, are predetermined
- Nothing occurs by chance or free will
.
.
What is psychology’s aim in Mechanism and Determinism in Freud’s System?
represent [mental] processes as quantitatively determined states of specifiable material particles
Mechanism and Determinism in Freud’s System remained true to the?
Remained true to the positivism and determinism that nurtured experimental psychology
Psychoanalysis very different from which psychology?
academic psychology
In the1930s-1940s, psychoanalysis captured the?
public attention
Popularity of psychoanalysis bring criticism from psychology, meaning?
Psychologists declared that psychoanalysis was inferior to a psychology based on experimentation
Research of greater validity was performed on Freud’s theories. Support was found for?
- characteristics of the oral and anal personality types
- castration anxiety
- the notion that dreams reflect emotional concerns
- aspects of the Oedipus complex in boys
Research of greater validity was performed on Freud’s theories. no support was found for?
- symbolism of dreams
- the Oedipus complex and male identification with father
- women’s issues with body image, identity and superego
- personality formation by age five
4 main criticisms of Psychoanalysis?
- Conclusions draw from case studies of patients (lacks validity and generalizability)
- Data collection was unsystematic and uncontrolled
- Freud may have used suggestion, or more coercive procedures, to elicit or implant such memories when no actual seduction had occurred
- Small and unrepresentative sample of people
4 main contributions of Psychoanalysis?
- Psychoanalysis is based instead on an intuitive appearance of plausibility
- Tremendous impact on popular culture and academic psychology
- Led psychology to revise thinking about the contributing factors to mental illness
- Freudian psychoanalysis became a vital force in modern psychology
