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PSYCO 105 > Chapter 9 - Language and Thinking > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Language and Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

mental representations

A

cognitive representations of the world, that are the foundations of thinking and problem-solving

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2
Q

language

A

A system of rules for combining certain symbols to generate messages and meanings

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3
Q

psycholinguistics

A

The scientific study of the psychological aspect of language

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4
Q

what do some evolutionary theorists believe is the reason for language evolving?

A

as social environments become more complex, the need arised to:

create divisions of labour and cooperative social systems

develop social customs and communicate thoughts

to pass or knowledge and wisdom

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5
Q

what are the five properties of language

A 
symbolic 
Structured
Conveys meaning
Generative
Permits displacement
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6
Q

what are symbols in language?

A

sounds, written characters, hand signs, etc.

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7
Q

what does it mean when we say that symbols in language are arbitrary?

A

The word “dog” doesn’t sound or look like a dog, but we all agree on the meaning of the word.

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8
Q

grammar

A

The rules about how symbols can be combined

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9
Q

syntax

A

The rules about how symbols can be ordered

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10
Q

semantics

A

The meaning of words and sentences, beyond just literal meaning

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11
Q

Generativity

A

The symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning

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12
Q

displacement

A

language allows us to communicate about stuff that is it physically present

you can discuss the past, the future, people, objects, events, imaginary situations, etc.

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13
Q

surface structure

A

The symbols that are used, and their order

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14
Q

deep structure

A

The underlying meaning of the combined symbols

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15
Q

is it possible for two sentences to have different surface structure, but the same deep structure?

A

yes

ex: “Sam ate the cake” “the cake was eaten by Sam”

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16
Q

is it possible for two sentences to have the same surface structure, but different deep structure?

A

yes

ex: “The police must stop drinking after midnight”

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17
Q

in what order do we use surface structure and deep structure in the following situations:

1) when first hearing speech
2) a while after hearing speech
3) when speaking/writing to others

A

when you read or hear speech, you are moving from surface structure to deep structure

after time, you may forget the surface structure, but will remember the deep structure

when you want to express your thoughts to other people, you must transform deep structure into surface structure

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18
Q

phenome

A

A unit of speech sound in a language

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19
Q

morphemes

A

The smallest units of meaning in a language

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20
Q

how many morphemes are in the word “players”? What are they?

A

three
play - indicates the action
er - indicates the person is doing the action
s - indicates that it is plural

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21
Q

what is the hierarchy of language?

A 
Phenomes
Morphemes
Words
Phrases
Sentence
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22
Q

discourse

A

sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations, and so forth

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23
Q

bottom up processing in language

A

analyzing the hierarchy of language, using phonemes to create morphemes to create words

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24
Q

top down processing

A

sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

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25
Q

speech segmentation

A

perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends

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26
Q

why is speech segmentation a top down process?

A

The auditory breaks that we hear in speech often don’t correspond to the physical breaks produced by the spaces and written sentences

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27
Q

pragmatics

A

The knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

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28
Q

why are pragmatics a top-down process

A

it uses social context to interpret language

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29
Q

where is Broca’s area?

A

left frontal lobe

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30
Q

function of broca’s area

A

Word production and articulation

Hand motor – control system

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31
Q

where is Warnicke’s area?

A

back temporal lobe

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32
Q

function of Warnicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

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33
Q

aphasia

what is it

Is it permanent or temporary

A

impairment in speech comprehension and/or production

Can be permanent or temporary

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34
Q

what sex differences exist in the brains language processing?

A

men used the left hemisphere for language function moreWomen used both hemispheres

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35
Q

what are biological factors that influence language acquisition

A

human children master language early in life without formal instruction

All adult languages have common structural characteristics

Young infants can perceive the entire range of phonemes

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36
Q

language acquisition device

A

an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common to all languages

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37
Q

are parents more likely to correct grammar or deep structure as their children’s language skills are developing?

A

deep structure

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38
Q

language acquisition support system

A

factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language

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39
Q

telegraphic speech

A

A noun and a verb

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40
Q

does language acquisition have a sensitive period?

A

yes

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41
Q

when is the sensitive period for language acquisition

A

between infancy and puberty

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42
Q

T/F there is a sensitive period for language acquisition for deaf children, when learning sign language

A

true

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43
Q

speech characteristics from 1 to 3 months

A

can distinguish from speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, prefers speech sounds

Undifferentiated crying

Cooing when happy

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44
Q

speech characteristics from 4 to 6 months old

A

babbling

Child vocalizes in response to verbalizations of others

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45
Q

speech characteristics from 7 to 11 months

A

loses perception of phenoms not in language

Child moves tongue with vocalizations

Discriminate between some words

Begins to imitate words sounds

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46
Q

speech characteristic at 12 months

A

first recognizable words

Usually one word

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47
Q

speech characteristics from 12 to 18 months

A

Child increase his knowledge of work meetings

Use single words to express phrases or requests

Primarily uses nouns

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48
Q

speech characteristics from 18 to 24 months

A

vocabulary expands

Rudimentary, two word sentences

Telegraphic speech

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49
Q

speech characteristics from 2 to 4 years old

A

vocabulary expand rapidly

Longer sentences with a basic syntax

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50
Q

speech characteristics from 4 to 5 years old

A

Child has learned basic grammatical rules for combining symbols into meaningful sentences

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51
Q

when is a second language learned best?

A

during the sensitive period of childhood

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52
Q

which aspect of language is harder to learn at a later age: vocabulary, syntax, grammar

A

syntax and grammar

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53
Q

One concern with early learning of multiple languages is that children will confuse the two languages
Is this an issue?

A

no, they learn to differentiate between the two languages at a young age

54
Q

how do you bilingual speakers score on performance test compared to monolingual’s?

A

recent research finds bilingual children show superior cognitive processing

55
Q

how does early learning a second language affect thinking?

A

superior cognitive processing
Better reading
Better at perceptual tasks/focusing
greater flexibility in thinking

56
Q

evidence that there is a critical period for learning a second language

A

in one study of American immigrants:

if they immigrated by age 7, had mastery of English grammar

between 8 to 16, had progressively worse understanding of grammar

after 17, had the poorest understanding of grammar, with 30 year olds performing the same as 17-year-olds

57
Q

evidence that there isn’t a critical time for learning a second language

A

a study found that the better grammar proficiency of early arrivals is due to greater amount of formal education in English, not a biologically-based critical time

58
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The idea that language influences and determines what we are capable of thinking

59
Q

is the linguistic relativity hypothesis correct?

A

no

60
Q

what is a reason that English-speaking children score lower than children from Asian countries in math skills?

A

The Asian language numbering system is easier to learn than the English language numbering system

61
Q

is the sign language of chimpanzees language?

A

not exactly

It’s symbolic and conveys meaning

But they don’t follow grammar

Little evidence for generativity and displacement

62
Q

propositional thought

A

thoughts that we say or hear in our minds

it expresses a proposition or a statement

63
Q

imaginal thoughts

A

images that we see, hear, or feel in our mind

64
Q

Motoric thought

A

mental representations of motor movements

65
Q

propositions

A

statements that express ideas

66
Q

what do propositions consist of

A

concepts combined in a particular way

67
Q

concept

A

Basic units of semantic memory

Mental categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions, and events that have essential features in common

68
Q

Prototypes

A

The most typical and familiar members of a category or a class

When asked for examples of a concept, we usually say a prototype

69
Q

T/F children’s early concepts are based on Proto types

A

true

70
Q

deductive reasoning

A

using general principles to form a conclusion about a specific case

71
Q

inductive reasoning

A

using specific facts to develop a general principle

72
Q

what type of reasoning is the following:

If all humans are mortal, and if Socrates is a human, then Socrates must be mortal

A

deductive reasoning

73
Q

what type of reasoning is the following:

If dogs in the laboratory begin salivating when approached by the researcher who fed them, there is a type of learning called classical conditioning

A

inductive reasoning

74
Q

what type of reasoning has more certainty of the results?

A

deductive reasoning

75
Q

what are some stumbling blocks in reasoning

A

distraction by irrelevant information
Belief bias
Emotions and framing

76
Q

belief bias

A

The tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs

77
Q

T/F factual correctness and logical correctness are the same thing

A

false

78
Q

framing

A

how the information is structured and presented to us

79
Q

four stages of problem-solving

A

understand and frame the problem

Generate potential solutions

Test solutions, seek to just confirm one or more

Evaluate results, revise steps if necessary

80
Q

mental set

A

The tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past

81
Q

problem-solving schemas

A

mental blueprints or step-by-step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems

82
Q

algorithms

A

formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions

83
Q

heuristics

A

General problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations

84
Q

examples of types of heuristics

A

means ends analysis
subgoal analysis
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic

85
Q

means – ends analysis

A

identify differences between present situation and the desired state, then make changes that will reduce those differences

86
Q

subgoal analysis

A

formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution

87
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

used to infer how closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept,

88
Q

availability heuristic

A

causes us to base judgements and decisions on the availability of information in memory, since we tend to remember events that are most important and significant to us.

89
Q

confirmation bias

A

tending to look for evidence that will confirm what we already believe, rather than looking for evidence that could just disconfirm what we believe

90
Q

T/F it is better to confirm ideas than to disconfirm them

A

false

better to disconfirm

91
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate ones correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs, and decisions

92
Q

schema

A

A mental framework, and organize pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

93
Q

what are types of schemas

A 
concepts
Categories
Algorithms
Heuristics
script
94
Q

script

A

mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually involves a regular order.

95
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce something that is both new and valuable

96
Q

divergent thinking

A

The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm

97
Q

functional fixedness

A

The tendency to be so fixed in your perception of the proper function of an object that you are blinded to new ways of using it

98
Q

incubation

A

when creative solutions to problems seem to pop out of the blue, after temporarily giving up

99
Q

inuit definition of wisdom

A

someone who has lots of cultural knowledge, and passes this knowledge down to younger people

100
Q

textbook definition of wisdom

A

System of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life

101
Q

five major components of wisdom

A

rich factual knowledge about life

Rich procedural knowledge about life

Understanding of lifespan contexts

Awareness of the relativism of values and priorities

Ability to recognize and manage uncertainty

102
Q

mental image

A

representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain

103
Q

what did the mental rotation study find?

A

The greater angle of rotation, the longer it took participants to reach a decision

104
Q

what did Stephen Kosskyn’s study of mental imagery as perception find?

A

The greater the distance between the two locations on the mental image of the map, the longer it took participants to scan and find the second location

Supports the view that mental images involve a special representation

105
Q

if mental imagery is based on perception, do brain damaged people with perceptual difficulties show impairments in forming mental images?

A

sometimes

106
Q

metacognition

A

your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities

107
Q

types of metacognition

A

meta-comprehension

Metamemory

109
Q

meta-comprehension

A

knowing whether you do or do not understand the concept

110
Q

Metamemory

A

your awareness and knowledge of your memory capabilities

111
Q

Brocas aphasia symptoms

A

can understand speech
Can’t produce speech
Frustrated
Can sing fine

112
Q

Wernickes aphasia symptoms

A

can produce nonsensical speech

Unclear if they understand what’s being spoken

less frustrated

113
Q

T/F bilingual people can have aphasia in one language but not the other

A

true

114
Q

T/F people with aphasia can’t write

A

false

115
Q

code mixing

A

making errors due to confusion between two languages

116
Q

what are the two major kinds of problems

A

ill-defined

Well-defined

117
Q

ill-defined problems

A

don’t have clear goals

118
Q

well defined problems

A

clearly specified goals and a path to a solution

119
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

when people think the probability of two things happening together is more than one thing happening on its own

120
Q

what part of the brain is activated when making risky decisions

A

pre-frontal cortex

121
Q

what did Henry Goddard believe

A

immigrants coming into America should receive intelligence tests and be labelled feeble minded if they didn’t do well

their offspring would also be feebleminded, draining society

122
Q

when did sexual sterilization happened in Alberta

A

1930s

123
Q

Koori test

what did it show?

A

showed how it’s difficult for people from different cultures to score well on intelligence test made for other cultures

124
Q

T/F if your sibling has a higher IQ, you are likely to have lower income

A

false

Sibling higher IQ, you have greater income

125
Q

in a study, participants were showing videos of job interviews, and asked to judge whether the interviewee was intelligent

What variable determined intelligence?

A

eye contact

More eye contact = more intelligent

126
Q

prodigy

A

percent of normal intelligence,

Very gifted in just one area

127
Q

savant

A

person of low intelligence

Very gifted in one area

128
Q

heritability coefficient

A

A statistic describing the proportion of differences between people scores that can be explained by differences in their genes

129
Q

shared environment

A

factors that are experienced by all people living in that household

130
Q

nonshared environment

A

factors that are not experienced by all members of the household

131
Q

relative intelligence

A

relative to other people’s intelligence

When you compare one individual to another, things are relatively stable for a long period of time

132
Q

absolute intelligence

A

intelligence over the course of a lifetime

PSYCO 105 (8 decks)

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