Chapter 10 - intelligence Flashcards
T/F intelligence has concrete existence
false
It is a socially constructed concept
what were Galton’s beliefs about mental ability
believed mental ability was inherited, had a biological basis
how did Galton measure mental abilities
measured the efficiency of the nervous system
Tested reaction speed, hand strength, sensory acuity
Measured skull size
what did Alfred Binet do
developed a standardized interview to determine a child’s mental age
what did William stern do
created the idea of an IQ score
formula for IQ
mental age/chronological age
are IQ test today the same as they were originally
no, these days IQ is based on a person’s performance relative to the scores of other people the same age
what did Louis Terman do
modified Binets test for use in the United States
called the Stanford-Binet
consisted of mostly verbal items
what did David Wechsler do
develop intelligence test for adults and for children that measured both verbal and nonverbal intellectual skills
WAIS
adult intelligence scale
WISC
intelligence scale for children
psychometrics
statistical study of psychological tests
Factor analysis
reduces a large number of measures to a smaller number of clusters/factors
Each cluster has variables that correlate highly with one another but less highly with variables another clusters
can factor analysis tell us what the sets of tests are measuring?
no, it can only identify the clusters for us
what did Charles Spearman believe
intellectual performance is determined by general intelligence (G factor) and specific skills
what did LL thuirstone believe
human mental performance depends on primary mental abilities
seven primary mental abilities
Space Verbal comprehension Word fluency Number facility Perceptual speed Rote memory Reasoning
primary mental ability: space
reasoning about visual scenes
primary mental ability: verbal comprehension
understanding verbal statements
primary mental abilities: word fluency
producing verbal statements
primary mental abilities: number facility
dealing with numbers
primary mental abilities: perceptual speed
recognizing visual patterns
primary mental abilities: rote memory
memorizing
primary mental abilities: reasoning
dealing with novel problems
crystallized intelligence
The ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems
what types of tests are good measures of crystallized intelligence?
vocabulary and information tests
what type of intelligence is the basis for expertise
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
The ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations
what type of intelligence depends on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system?
fluid intelligence
what type of intelligence do we use more in early life?
fluid intelligence
what type of intelligence do we use more in later life?
crystallized intelligence
what is the three stratum theory of cognitive abilities
General intelligence influences eight broad intellectual factors, which in turn influences specific abilities
what type of memory is crystallized intelligence dependent on
long-term memory
what type of memory is fluid intelligence dependent on
working memory
cognitive process theories
explore the specific information processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
triarchic theory of intelligence
divides the cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behaviour into three specific components
what did Robert Sternberg do
create the triarchic theory of intelligence
what are the three components of the triarchic theory of intelligence
Metacomponents
Performance components
Acquisition components
Metacomponents
higher order processes used to plan and regulate task performance
Includes problem-solving skills
performance components
The actual mental processes used to perform the task
what do knowledge acquisition components allow us to do
learn from our experiences
store information of memory
combine new insights with previously acquired information
what types of environmental demand based intelligence is there?
analytical intelligence
Practical intelligence
Creative intelligence
analytical intelligence
involves the kinds of academically oriented problem-solving skills measured by traditional intelligence tests
practical intelligence
skills needed to cope with every day demands and to manage oneself and other people effectively
creative intelligence
The mental skills needed to deal adaptively with novel problems
what abilities are included in Gardners multiple intelligences?
linguistic Logical – mathematical Visual spatial Musical Bodily kinaesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
linguistic intelligence
ability to use language well
Like writers do
logical mathematical intelligence
The ability to reason mathematically and logically
Visual spatial intelligence
The ability to solve special problems or to succeed in a field such as architecture
musical intelligence
The ability to perceive patch and rhythm and to understand and produce music
bodily kinaesthetic intelligence
The ability to control body movements and skilfully manipulate objects
Like a dancer, athlete, or surgeon
Interpersonal intelligence
The ability to understand and relate well to others
Intrapersonal intelligence
The ability to understand oneself
naturalistic intelligence
The ability to detect and understand phenomena in the natural world
Like a zoologist or meteorologist
emotional intelligence
The ability to read others emotions and respond to them appropriately
to motivate oneself
To be aware of one’s own emotions
To regulate and control one’s own emotional responses
what are the four branches of emotional intelligence
perceiving emotions
Using emotions to facilitate thought
Understanding emotions
Managing emotions
how do we measure perceiving emotions
we measure peoples accuracy in judging emotional expressions in facial photographs, as well as emotional tones conveyed by different landscapes and designs
how do we measure using emotions to facilitate thought
by asking people to identify the emotions that would best enhance a particular type of thinking
how do I measure understanding emotions
by asking people to specify the conditions under which their emotions change in intensity or type
how do we measure managing emotions
by asking respondents to indicate how they can change their own or others emotions to facilitate success or increase interpersonal harmony
achievement test
A test designed to find out how much the student has learned so far in their lives
aptitude test
A test designed to measure the applicants potential for future learning and performance
argument for achievement testing
it’s usually good predictor of future performance
if a student learned a lot of academic material in high school, they are more likely to learn a lot in college too
argument against achievement testing
it assumes that everyone has had the same opportunity to learn the material being tested
argument for aptitude testing
it’s more fair
Depends less on prior knowledge
argument against aptitude testing
it’s difficult to construct a test that isn’t dependent on prior learning
The items on the test may be relevant to success in situations other than the test itself
psychological test
A method for measuring individual differences related to some psychological concept or construct
what are the three key measurement concepts?
reliability
Validity
Standardization
types of reliability
test retest ability
Internal consistency
Interjudge reliability
reliability
refers to consistency of measurement
test retest reliability
intelligence is a relatively stable trait, so if you retest someone, the scores on the measure should be consistent
internal consistency
all of the items in the test are measuring the same skill
inter-judge reliability
The consistency of measurement when two different researchers score the same test
types of validity
construct validity
Content validity
Criterion related validity
validity
how well a test actually measures what it is designed to measure
construct validity
when a test successfully measures the psychological construct it is designed to measure
content validity
refers to whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills that are assumed to underlie the construct of interest
criterion related validity
refers to the ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures
do university entrance exams predict university grades
slightly
T/F people who score well on IQ test’s tend to do well academically
true
do intelligence test scores predict job performance
yes
standardization
Two definitions
The development of norms
Rigorously controlled testing
what are norms
test scores derived from a large sample that represents particular age segments of the population
what does a normal distribution look like?
A bell shaped curve, most scores clustered around the centre
what is the Flynn effect
The worlds population is scoring progressively higher on intelligence tests
what are some possible reasons for the Flynn effect
better nutrition
More complex learning environments
Technological advances
static testing
very detailed instructions need to be adhered to
Make sure that all testees are responding to the same stimulus situation, so scores will solely be a reflection of their ability
dynamic testing
what is it
after the standard testing, the exam the gifts the respondent some constructive feedback on how to improve, and then watches how the person utilizes the information
dynamic testing
What is its value?
it can show us the individual’s ability to profit from instruction
May reveal cognitive capacities that aren’t revealed by static testing
tends to improve test scores
useful and revealing when testing people from cultures unaccustomed to western style tests
evidence that neural efficiency underlies high intelligence
intelligence involves processing speed
correlation between IQ and speed of brains response to stimuli
lower levels of glucose consumption in people of high intelligence
evidence that brain size underlies high intelligence
evolutionary evidence shows increase in brain size as humanoids evolved
Einstein had large parietal lobe’s
fluid and crystallized intelligence correlated with thickness of pre-frontal, frontal, parietal lobe’s
T/F The more genes people have in common, the more similar they tend to be in IQ
true
T/F there is an intelligence gene
false
how do IQ correlations for identical twins raised together compare to IQ correlations for identical twins raised a part
correlation is higher for identical twins raised together
how much does environment account for IQ variation amongst people?
30 to 50%
T/F higher school attendance is correlated with higher IQ
true
what school environments contribute to higher intelligence
less memorization, more critical thinking, applying content, instruction in how to learn
emphasis on developing specific mental skills
teach learning tools, even before low level skills
outcome bias
The extent that a test underestimates a person’s true intellectual ability
predictive bias
The test successfully predicts criterion measures for some groups but not for others
what factors can result in the IQ differences in between ethnic groups
more white children are schooled in enriched environments
scientists may tend to over emphasize genetic differences between groups
T/F men tend to outperform women on spatial tasks
True
T/F Women are more accurate in target directed skills than men
false
T/F Women outperform men on tests of mathematical reasoning
false
T/F Women outperform men on tests of perceptual speed
true
T/F Women outperform men on mathematical calculation
true
T/F Men outperform women on verbal fluency
false
T/F men outperform women on precise manual tasks requiring find motor coordination
false
what are environmental explanations for the gender differences in cognitive skills?
gender roles give boys more experience in sports
in ancestral environments, men’s roles were navigating and hunting, favouring visual spatial abilities
Women’s roles were child rearing and toolmaking, favouring verbal and Precision abilities
what factors allowed gifted people to become eminent
highly developed mental abilities related to ones chosen field
Ability to engage in creative problem-solving
Motivation and dedication
