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PSYCO 105 > Chapter 14 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what two common observations give rise to the concept of personality?

A

1) people differ in their behaviour from others

2) individual people behave pretty consistently over time and across different situations

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2
Q

personality

A

enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting, which characterize how a person reacts to life situations.

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3
Q

for a behaviour to be seen as reflecting personality, what three characteristics should it have?

A

1) they are components of identity, distinguish them from others
2) they are caused by internal factors, rather than external
3) behaviours “fit together”

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4
Q

what three standards are used to evaluate the usefulness of a personality theory?

A

1) provides comprehensive framework, where we can add in known facts
2) allows us to predict future events with some presicion
3) stimulates the discovery of new knowledge

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5
Q

what happened that made freud convinced of the power of the unconscious mind

A

when making patients with physical symptoms re-experience traumatic memories/unacceptable feelings, their symptoms disappeared or improved greatly

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6
Q

psychic energy

A

powers the mind

constantly presses for direct or indirect release

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7
Q

conscious

A

mental events we are currently aware of

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8
Q

preconscious

A

things we aren’t currently of, but can be called into awareness

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9
Q

unconscious

A

wishes, feelings, and impulses that we aren’t aware of

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10
Q

describe how freud structured personality

A

id
ego
superego

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11
Q

id

where is it
how does it operate

A

exists in unconscious

operates according to the pleasure principle

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12
Q

pleasure principle

A

seeks immigrate gratification

very primal instinct

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13
Q

ego

where is it
how does it operate

A

exists everywhere but primarily at conscious level

operates according to the reality principle

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14
Q

reality principle

A

tests reality, to see when the id can safely discharge its impulses

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15
Q

superego

A

the moral compass

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16
Q

difference between ego and superego

A

ego delays gratification until conditions are appropriate

superego tries to block gratification permanently

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17
Q

why is ego sometimes referred to as the “executive of personality”

A

it has to balance the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the demands of reality.

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18
Q

defence mechanisms

what do they do and when do they develop?

A

deny or distort reality in order to reduce anxiety, when coping behaviours won’t work

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19
Q

types of defence mechanisms

A 
repression 
denial
displacement
intellectualization
projection 
rationalization 
reaction formation
sublimation
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20
Q

repression

A

anxiety-causing impulses/memories are pushed into the unconscious

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21
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge what is causing you anxiety

denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event, or the event itself

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22
Q

displacement

A

repressing an unacceptable/dangerous impulse, and redirecting it to a safer, substitute target

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23
Q

intellectualization

A

The emotion connected with the event is repressed

The situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event

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24
Q

projection

A

repressing an unacceptable impulses, then attributing it to other people

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25
Q

rationalization

A

creating a fake, but plausible explanation/excuse for an anxiety causing behavior/event that has already happened

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26
Q

reaction formation

A

repressing an anxiety causing impulse, finding release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

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27
Q

sublimation

A

A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable/admired behaviour

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28
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A person who was sexually abused and childhood develops amnesia for the event

A

repression

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29
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A man who was told he has terminal cancer refuses to consider the possibility that he will not recover

A

denial

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30
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A man who is harassed by his boss experiences no anger at work, but then goes home and abuses his wife and children

A

displacement

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31
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A person who has been rejected in an important relationship talks in a highly rational matter about the “interesting unpredictability of love relationships”

A

intellectualization

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32
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A woman with strong repressed desires to have an affair continually accuse as her husband of being unfaithful to her

A

projection

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33
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A student caught cheating on an exam justifies the act by pointing out that the professors tests are unfair and, besides, everybody else was cheating too

A

rationalization

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34
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A mother who harbours feelings of hatred for her child represses them and becomes overprotective of the child

A

reaction formation

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35
Q

what type of defence mechanism is used in the following situation:

A man with strong hostile impulses becomes an investigative reporter who ruins political careers with his stories

A

sublimation

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36
Q

what are the stages involved in freuds stages of psychosexual development

A 
oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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37
Q

what happens if there is deprivation or overindulgence during any of the psychosexual stages

A

fixation occurs

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38
Q

oral stage

Approximate age
Erogenous zone
Key task

A

0 to 2 years old
Mouth
Weaning

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39
Q

anal stage

Approximate age
Erogenous zone
Key task

A

2 to 3 years old
Anus
Toilet training

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40
Q

phallic stage

Approximate age
Erogenous zone
Key task

A

4 to 6 years old
Genitals
Resolving Oedipus complex

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41
Q

latency stage

Approximate age
Erogenous zone
Key task

A

7 to puberty
none
Developing social relationships

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42
Q

genital stage

Approximate age
erogenous zone
Key task

A

puberty on words
Genitals
Developing mature social and sexual relationships

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43
Q

how did freud test his ideas?

A

clinical observation

He apposed experimental research

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44
Q

in a study, participants were instructed to think about two people, suppress thoughts about one of the targets. reported back what they dreamed.

What happened in their dreams?

A

they dreamed more often of suppressed targets than the non-suppressed targets

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45
Q

problems with the psychosexual development theory

A

concepts are ambiguous

Difficult to define and measure

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46
Q

Who were neoanalysts

A

psycho analysts who disagreed with certain aspects of freudian theory

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47
Q

what problems did neoanalysts have with freudian theory

A

social and cultural factors weren’t given enough of an important role

He stressed infantile sexuality too much

Too much emphasis on the events of childhood as determinants of adult personality

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48
Q

how did the way neoanalysts view human nature differ from how freud viewed human nature

A

freud - humans are motivated by inborn sexual and aggressive instinct/drives

Neoanalysts- motivated by social interest

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49
Q

social interest

A

desire to advance the welfare of others
Caring about others
Cooperating with others

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50
Q

analytic psychology

A

humans possess a personal unconscious based on their life experiences and a collective unconscious consisting of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

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51
Q

archetypes

A

inherited tendencies to interpret experience in certain ways

archetypes find expression and symbols, myths, and believes that appear across many cultures

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52
Q

what do object relations theories focus on

A

the early experiences ppl have with caregivers form mental representations of themselves and others

such as seeing mothers as kind or malevolent

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53
Q

adult attachment styles

A

secure
avoidant
anxious/ambivalent

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54
Q

secure adult attachment traits

A

find it easy to get close w others

comfortable depending on others

comfortable w others depending on them

don’t worry about getting abondoned

don’t worry about getting too attached

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55
Q

avoidant adult attachment traits

A

somewhat uncomfortable being close to others

trust issues

difficult to depend on others

nervous when ppl get too close

uncomfortable with intimacy

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56
Q

anxious/ambivalent adult attachment traits

A

thinks others don’t want to get close to them

worry that partner doesn’t really love them

they want to get very close, and that scares others away

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57
Q

criticisms of psychoanalytic theory

A

1) many of its specific propositions haven’t held up under research
2) it’s hard to test bc it explains too much

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58
Q

what does it mean when we say psychoanalytic theory is hard to test bc it explains too much

A

if we expect a participant to be aggressive, and instead they’re sweet, does that mean the theory is wrong, or are they using reaction formation?

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59
Q

what do humanists believe about human nature

A

humans are inherently good

individuals strive for self actualization

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60
Q

self actualization

A

the total realization of your potential as a human

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61
Q

personal constructs

what is it?

A

cognitive categories which ppl use to sort the ppl and events in their lives

ex: construct of “successful”

62
Q

personal constructs

what is it used for?

A

a system of personal constructs is used to construct reality

63
Q

what what george kelly’s personal construct theory?

A

personal construct system was the basis for individual diffs in personality

64
Q

does everyone have the same personal constructs

A

no

you might think being successful means having a well paying job and a house

someone else might think being successful means having a happy marriage and kids

65
Q

does someone have the same personal constructs throughout their life, or can they change?

A

they can change

you could think being successful means having a well paying job and a house

but later you could find a nice guy and start to think being successful means having a happy marriage and kids

66
Q

what did carl rogers believe about human nature

A

our behaviour is in response to our immediate conscious experience of self and behaviour,

when these forces that direct our behaviour aren’t being distorted by the environment, they will lead us to self actualization

67
Q

the self

A

an organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself

68
Q

self consistency

A

absence of conflict among self perceptions

69
Q

self congruence

A

consistency between self perceptions and experience

70
Q

once self concept is established, what is needed to maintain it?

A

self consistency

self congruence

71
Q

what happens when there is a conflict between self perception and experience

A

they can react adaptively and adjust their self concept

they can deny or distort reality

72
Q

what did carl rogers believe we are born with?

A

an innate need for positive regard

73
Q

what does conditional positive regard make the child feel?

A

feel they’re only worthy of love when meeting certain standards

74
Q

what does conditional positive regard lead to the development of?

A

conditions of worth

75
Q

what do conditions of worth do

A

dictate how we approve or disapprove of ourselves.

they can cause major incongruence between self and experience

76
Q

how did rogers define fully functioning persons?

A

don’t hide behind a mask

feel a sense of inner freedom, self determination

no fear of behaving spontaneously and creatively

77
Q

self esteem

A

how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

78
Q

in adulthood, is there a large gender difference when it comes to self-esteem?

A

not really

79
Q

in late adolescence (15 to 18 years old), is there a large gender difference in self-esteem?

A

yes

Males report higher self-esteem than females

80
Q

T/F levels of self-esteem tend to be stable across development

A

true

81
Q

benefits of high self-esteem

A

less susceptible to social pressure

Less interpersonal problems

Happier

Achieve more

Form more satisfying love relationships

82
Q

cons of low self-esteem

A

prone to psychological problems

Prone to physical illness

Poor social relationships

Underachievement

83
Q

effect of success on those with high self-esteem

A

increases self-esteem

84
Q

effect of success on those with low self-esteem

A

generates self-doubt and anxiety

85
Q

T/F those with low self-esteem have issues with regulating their mood

A

sort of

They know what to do, but do not engage in those behaviours

86
Q

what conditions foster the development of high self-esteem?

A

parents show unconditional acceptance and love

Establish clear guidelines, Reinforce compliance

Give child freedom to make decisions and express opinions within the guidelines

87
Q

self verification

A

preserving self-concept by maintaining self consistency and congruence

88
Q

T/F people are more likely to recall self consistent information

IE: people are more likely to remember feedback that is consistent with their self-concept

A

true

89
Q

T/F people with negative self concepts do well in marriages where their partner views them positively

A

false

90
Q

self enhancement

A

processes to gain and preserve a positive self image

91
Q

T/F people tend to attribute their success to their environment, but attribute their failures to themselves

A

false

Attributes access to self, attribute failures to environment

92
Q

how does culture affects self-concept when it comes to American and Japanese university students?

A

Americans describe themselves with more personal traits

Japanese describe themselves with more social identity traits

93
Q

gender schemas

A

The structure in our mind that holds what we consider appropriate and expected for males and for females

94
Q

how do gender schemas affect self-concept in western cultures?

A

men have more individualistic self-concept

Women have more collectivistic self-concept

95
Q

what are the big five personality factors

A

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

OCEAN

96
Q

behaviours of openness

A 
curious
Imaginative
Artistic
Excitable
Unconventional
97
Q

behaviours of conscientiousness

A 
efficient
Organize
Not careless
Thorough
self disciplined
Not impulsive
98
Q

behaviours of extroversion

A 
gregarious/sociable
Forceful
Energetic
Adventurous
Enthusiastic
Outgoing
99
Q

behaviours of agreeableness

A 
forgiving
Not demanding
Warm
Not stubborn
Modest
Sympathetic
100
Q

behaviours of neuroticism

A 
anxious
Irritable
Depression
Self-conscious
moody
Not self-confident
101
Q

cattell’s personality theory

A

16 personality factors

102
Q

Eysenck’s personality theory

A

introversion – extroversion

Stability – neuroticism

Psychoticism - self control

103
Q

what did eysenck believe about introversion and arousal

A

introverts are chronically overaroused, so they try to minimize stimulation to reduce arousal

104
Q

what did eysenck Believe about extraversion and arousal

A

extraverts are chronically under aroused, need frequent stimulation to achieve optimal level of arousal

105
Q

what did eysenck Believe about unstable people and arousal

A

they have hair trigger nervous systems, show large and sudden shifts in arousal

106
Q

what did eysenck Believe about stable people and arousal

A

show smaller and more gradual shift’s in arousal

107
Q

what three factors make it difficult to predict behaviour on the basis of individual personality traits

A

1) traits interact with other traits, as well as characteristics of different situations
2) consistency across situations is influenced by how important a given trait is for the person
3) people differ in their tendency to self monitor

108
Q

self-monitoring

A

tailoring behaviour to what is called for by the situation

109
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

The person, the person’s behavior, and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of causal links

110
Q

what did Julian rotter Believe about how behaviour in a situation is influenced?

A

influenced by two factors:

Expectancy and reinforcement

111
Q

expectancy

A

what we think about how likely it is that certain consequences will happen if we behave a particular way in a specific situation

112
Q

reinforcement value

A

how much we desire/dread the outcome that we are expecting the behaviour to produce

113
Q

internal – external locus of control

A

The degree of personal control we have in our lives

114
Q

what do people with internal locus of control believe?

A

Life outcomes are largely under personal control and depend on their own behaviour

115
Q

what do you people with an Extertal locus of control believe?

A

Life outcomes are not really in their control

116
Q

what did Bandura mean by human agency?

A

humans are active agents in their own lives, they are not just at the mercy of the environment

117
Q

what are the four components of human agency

A

intentionality

Forethought

Self reactiveness

Self reflectiveness

118
Q

intentionality

A

we plan, modify our plans, and act with intention

119
Q

forethought

A

we anticipate outcomes, set goals, and actively choose behaviours relevant to those goals

120
Q

self reactiveness

A

The process of motivating and regulating her own actions, the processes that we use when we modify our goals

121
Q

self reflectiveness

A

we think about and evaluate our own motivations, values, and goals

122
Q

self efficacy

A

our belief about our ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve the desired outcome

123
Q

what are four factors that affect self-efficacy

A

performance experience
observational learning
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal

124
Q

performance experience

A

past successes and failures on similar tasks

If you failed on something before, you’re more likely to believe you’ll fail at it again

125
Q

observational learning

A

watching other people’s behaviours and the outcomes

If you observe someone similar to yourself accomplish a goal, you’re more likely to believe that you’ll succeed too if you perform the same behaviours

126
Q

verbal persuasion

A

encouraging or discouraging messages from others

127
Q

emotional arousal

A

arousal that can be interpreted as enthusiasm or anxiety

128
Q

if-then behaviour consistencies

A

there is consistency and behavior, but it is found within similar situations

129
Q

what are six methods that can be used to measure personality variables

A 
personality scales and self ratings
responses on projective tests
Physiological measures
Behavioral assessment
Report/ratings by other people
Interview data
130
Q

structured interviews

what is it?

A

A set of specific questions that are given to every participant

131
Q

structured interview

What are its advantages?

A

A standardized situation is created, so responses can be interpreted and compared

132
Q

Remote behaviour sampling

A

researcher/clinicians can collect samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives

133
Q

rational approach

A

for example, to measure intraversion – extroversion, we might ask ourselves what introverts and extraverts would be likely to say about themselves, then write items that capture those kinds of self descriptions

134
Q

empirical approach

A

items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait, but because previous research has shown that the items were answered differently by groups of people

135
Q

what is the assumption underlying projective tests?

A

when a person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus, the interpretation attached to the stimulus will have to come partly from within

136
Q

List two widely used projective tests

A

Rorschach ink blots

thematic apperception test

137
Q

Rorschach inkblots

A

participants are shown inkblots and ask what it looks like, and what feature of the ink blot caused it to be seen in that manner

138
Q

thematic apperception test

A

A series of ambiguous pictures. Respondents are asked to describe what is going on in each scene, what has led up to the current situation, what the characters are thinking and feeling, and what the outcome of the situation will be

139
Q

what personality measure is favoured by psychodynamic theorists? why?

A

projective techniques

They believe that people’s responses to these tests reveal unconscious processes

140
Q

what personality measure is favoured by humanistic theorists?

A

self-report measures of the self concept and personal aspirations

141
Q

what personality measures are favoured by social cognitive researchers?

A

behavioural assessments

142
Q

what personality measures are favoured by trait theorists?

A

paper and pencil inventories, such as the MMPI and the NEOPI

143
Q

what personality measures are favoured by researchers interested in biological processes underlying personality functioning?

A

physiological measures

144
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for arousal

A

reticular formation

145
Q

what did Hans Eysenck believe about personality when reticular formation is sensitive/highly stimulated

A

causes introversion

146
Q

what did Hans Eysenck believe about personality when reticular formation is not very sensitive/less stimulated

A

causes extroversion

147
Q

T/F extroverts react more strongly to a drop of lemon juice on their tongue

A

true

148
Q

T/F extroverts react more negatively to loud noises and electric shocks

A

false

introverts

149
Q

what aspects of the Big 5 personality factors can be found in animals?

A

neuroticism
openness to new experiences
agreeableness

150
Q

from an evolutionary perspective, what might be the cause of differences in personality in animals?

A

males might need to be more aggressive with other males, but less aggressive with females

having this personality might increase survival and reproduction

151
Q

what is the Bem Sex Role Inventory?

A

a test where you rate yourself on a few statements that are associated with a specific gender, but you don’t get to see what gender each statement is associated with

PSYCO 105 (8 decks)

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