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PSYCO 105 > Chapter 17 – Treatment Of Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 17 – Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

deep sleep/ depatterning therapy

A

giving patients a drug-induced coma
Shocking them while they were unconscious
Following the shocks with recorded messages played to the patient

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2
Q

T/F A majority of people with mental health issues first seek help from mental health professionals

A

false

They first seek help from family members, physicians, acquaintances, self-help groups, members of the clergy

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3
Q

what kind of education does a Counseling/clinical psychologist have

A

phD
PsyD

five years of training

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4
Q

what kind of education two psychiatrists have

what do psychiatrist do

A

they are medical doctors who specialize in psychotherapy and bio medical treatments

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5
Q

where do psychiatric social worker’s work

A

Community agencies

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6
Q

what do you marriage and family counselor’s specialize in

A

problems arising from family relations

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7
Q

what do pastoral counsellors focus on

A

spiritual issues

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8
Q

who do abuse counsellors work with

A

substance/sexual abusers and their victims

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9
Q

The goal of psychoanalysis

A

to help clients achieve insight

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10
Q

insight

A

conscious awareness of the psychodynamics that underlie your problems

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11
Q

what are the types of psychodynamic therapies

A

free association

Dream interpretation

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12
Q

free association

A

The client just says whatever comes in to mind

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13
Q

what does the analyst expect to gain through free association

A

clues concerning important themes or issues

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14
Q

T/F The analyst expects that free association directly leads to unconscious material

A

false

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15
Q

what happens in dream interpretation

A

analyst helps clients search for unconscious material in the dreams

They help the client to understand what the symbols in the dream really represent

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16
Q

resistance

A

defensive manoeuvres that hinder the process of therapy

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17
Q

transference

A

The client response irrationally to the analyst as if they were an important figure from the clients past

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18
Q

what are the two forms of transference

A

positive transference

Negative transference

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19
Q

positive transference

A

client transfers feelings of intense affection, dependency, or love to the analyst

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20
Q

negative transference

A

The client transfers feelings of intense anger, hatred, or disappointment to the analyst

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21
Q

interpretation

A

any statement made by the therapist intended to give the clients insight into their behavior/dynamics

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22
Q

what is the general rule in psychoanalytic treatment about making interpretations?

A

only interpret what’s already near the surface and almost in the clients current awareness

Don’t make a deep interpretations of strongly defended unconscious dynamics

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23
Q

similarities between lengthy psychoanalysis and brief psychodynamic therapies

A

they both emphasize understanding the influences of the past, utilizing insight and interpretation

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24
Q

how are brief psychodynamic therapies different from lengthy psychoanalysis

A

focused on addressing current life events

therapist and client sit facing each other

Conversation instead of free Association

Clients are seen once a week, not daily

The goal is to help the client with specific life problems, not completely rebuilding the clients personality

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25
Q

interpersonal therapy

A

A type of brief psychodynamic therapy

Focuses on the clients current interpersonal problems

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26
Q

how do humanistic theorists view humans

A

capable of consciously controlling their actions and taking responsibility for their choices and behaviour

Everyone possesses into resources for self healing and personal growth

Disordered behaviour reflects a blocking of the natural growth process

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27
Q

Who developed client centred therapy

A

Carl Rogers

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28
Q

what did Carl Rogers believe was the “active ingredient” in therapy

A

The relationship that develops between client and therapist

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29
Q

what did Rogers find where the three important and interrelated therapist attributes

A

1) unconditional positive regard
2) empathy
3) genuineness

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30
Q

define what is meant by unconditional positive regard, when it comes to client centred therapy

A

therapist cares about and except the clients

Therapist doesn’t judge the clients

Therapist believes in the clients ability to work through their problems

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31
Q

define what is meant by empathy in client centred therapy

A

The therapist truly senses the feeling/meetings experience by the client

The therapist communicates this understanding to the client by reflecting back to them

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32
Q

define what is meant by genuineness in client centred therapy

A

there must be consistency between the way therapist feels and the way they behave

Therapist must be able to express both positive and negative feelings

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33
Q

what is the goal of gestalt therapy

A

bringing important feelings, wishes, and thoughts that are blocked from awareness into awareness so that the client can be “whole” again

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34
Q

empty chair technique

A

client is asked to imagine a figure from their life in the chair and then carries a conversation, pretending to be both themselves and the other figure

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35
Q

what was the problem of gestalt therapy

A

it wasn’t very scientific

They couldn’t do systematic research on the effectiveness of their techniques

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36
Q

what do cognitive approaches to psychotherapy focus on. what do the therapists try to do

A

The role of a rational and self-defeating thought patterns

Therapist tries to help clients discover and change the cognitions that underlie their problems

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37
Q

Ellis’ rational – emotive therapy

A

irrational thoughts are the cause of self-defeating emotions

ABCD model

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38
Q

what does each letter in the ABCD model stand for

A

activating event that triggers the emotion

belief system that underlies the way someone appraisers the event

consequences of that appraisal

disputing/challenging the belief system

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39
Q

what happens in Becks cognitive therapy

A

helping clients identify and reprogram their “automatic” thought patterns

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40
Q

which disorders have responded most favourably to Becks cognitive therapy

A 
depression
Anger disorder's
Anxiety disorders
Personality disorders
Eating disorders
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41
Q

what did behaviour therapist believe

A

inner dynamics or not important

Behavior disorders are learned behaviors

The maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning

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42
Q

what are classical conditioning treatments included in behaviour therapy

A

exposure
Systematic desensitization
aversion therapy

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43
Q

exposure

A

clients are exposed to the stimuli, but the unconditioned stimulus (the adverse event) does not happen

Plus the anxiety response will be extinguished

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44
Q

flooding

A

exposing the client to real life stimuli

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45
Q

implosion therapy

A

having the client imagine scenes involving the stimuli

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46
Q

what disorder is exposure effective for

A

PTSD

phobias

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47
Q

systematic desensitization

A

using counterconditioning to eliminate anxiety

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48
Q

counterconditioning

A

I need a response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety arousing condition stimulus

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49
Q

what is the first step in systematic desensitization

A

training the client in the skill of voluntary muscle relaxation

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50
Q

what is the second step of systematic desensitization

A

helping the client to make a stimulus hierarchy of 10 to 15 scenes relating to the fear, arranging the scenes from low anxiety to high anxiety

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51
Q

what does the therapist do in the desensitization sessions

A

deeply relaxed the client and ask them to physically imagine the first scene in the hierarchy for several seconds

The deep relaxation will replace anxiety as the conditioned response to that stimulus

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52
Q

in vevo desensitization

A

client is carefully exposed to a hierarchy of real life situations, instead of imagining the scenes

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53
Q

what disorders is desensitization useful for

A

anxiety

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54
Q

aversion therapy

A

therapist pairs a stimulus that stimulates deviant/self-defeating behaviour (CS) with an adversive UCS in order to condition an aversion for the CS

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55
Q

what kind of disorders are aversion therapies useful for

A

alcoholics

Pedophiles

56
Q

behaviour modification

A

using operant conditioning as a treatment, in order to increase/decrease a specific behaviour

57
Q

what are types of operant conditioning

A

positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction

58
Q

token economy

A

A system for strengthening desired behaviours

They give tokens as positive reinforcement

59
Q

what groups of people and environments has the use of the token economy been useful in

A 
schizophrenics
Businesses
Schools
Prisons 
Home environments
60
Q

what two questions must therapists ask themselves before deciding to use punishment as a therapeutic technique

A

1) are there effective, less painful alternative approaches
2) is the behaviour we’re trying to get rid of harmful enough to the individual/society to justify the severity of the punishment

61
Q

social skills training

A

A model performs a socially skilful behavior, while the client observes and then imitates

62
Q

with what groups of people is social skills training useful for

A

individuals who have minor deficits in social skills

Delinquents we need to learn how to resist negative peer pressure’s

Hospitalized schizophrenics who need to learn social skills in order to function outside the hospital

63
Q

third wave cognitive behavioural therapy’s

A

therapies that incorporate the concept of mindfulness as a central objective to behaviour change

They represent the addition of humanistic concepts and eastern methods of behaviour therapy

64
Q

what is included in third wave cognitive behavioural therapies

A

acceptance and commitment therapy

Dialectical behaviour therapy

65
Q

mindfulness

A

A mental state of awareness, focus, openness, addict’s actives of immediate experience

It involves nonjudgmental appraisal

66
Q

what types of conditions and disorders is mindfulness meditation being used to treat

A

stress related conditions and disorders

Like anxiety and depression

Also helps prevent relapse and helps neutralize self blame following a lapse

67
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy

A

using mindfulness as a vehicle for change

Instead of teaching clients to control their thoughts/feelings, clients are taught to just notice, accept, and embrace their thoughts/feelings

68
Q

dialectical behaviour therapy

A

treatment for BPD

This therapy includes elements from cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic therapies

69
Q

describe the behavioural element of DBT

A

behavioural techniques are used to help the clients learn interpersonal, problem-solving, and emotion control skills

70
Q

describe the cognitive element of DBT

A

cognitive approaches are used to help client learn more adaptive thinking about the world, relationships, and of themselves

71
Q

describe the psychodynamic aspect of DBT

A

psychodynamic element to traces the history of early deprivation and projection that created many of the problems

72
Q

describe the humanistic aspect of DBT

A

humanistic emphasis on acceptance of thoughts and feelings helps clients better tolerate negative emotions

73
Q

which group of people are more likely to utilize mental health services: white population’s or minority groups

A

White populations

74
Q

what factors serve as barriers to therapy for ethnic minorities

A

1) cultural norm against turning to professionals outside your own culture for help
2) many minority members have a history of bad experiences with white bureaucracies
3) language barriers
4) poverty is a bigger issue for minority groups, maybe they can’t afford/get to therapy
5) not many counsellors can provide culturally responsive forms of treatment

75
Q

what do we mean when we say most therapists can’t provide culturally responsive forms of treatment

A

sometimes they operate on the basis of inaccurate stereotypes

76
Q

what can we do to increase the access of culturally diverse groups to psychological treatment

A

1) set up mental health services in minority population areas, staffed by culturally skilled counsellors
2) cultural congruence
3) train more therapists from minority ethnic groups

77
Q

cultural congruence

A

treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations

78
Q

T/F for clients to choose to stay in therapy, it hasn’t been shown that the outcomes are better when they are seen by therapist from their own ethnic group

A

true

79
Q

cultural competence

A

therapist with knowledge about the clients culture can achieve a broad understanding of the client, while also understanding how the client may differ from the cultural stereotype

they can introduce culture specific elements into the therapy

80
Q

T/F it is possible to train therapists to be more culturally sensitive

A

true

81
Q

what specific stressors do women face that could be the reason behind anxiety and depression occurring more frequently amongst women in western cultures

A

1) there are more women in poverty
2) less available opportunities
3) there are strains created by the demand of multiple roles (mother, worker, spouse)
4) many women have been subjected to violence and abuse

82
Q

T/F it is necessary that women be treated by female therapists

A

false

what’s important is that the therapist is sensitive to gender issues

83
Q

specificity question

A

what kind of effects are produced by a certain combination of therapy, therapist, clients, and problems?

84
Q

spontaneous remission

A

symptom reduction in the absence of any treatment

85
Q

randomized clinical trial’s

A

participants who have well-defined psychological disorders and are similar and other variables are randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition

86
Q

what could the control condition in an RCT be

A

no treatment

or

Placebo

87
Q

T/F researchers should collect follow up data

A

true

88
Q

meta-analysis

A

combining the results of many studies to arrive at an overall conclusion

89
Q

effect size statistic

A

A common measure of treatment effectiveness

It tells researchers what percentage of clients who have received therapy had a more favourable outcome than those who didn’t receive the treatment

90
Q

T/F psychodynamic, client centered, gestalt and behavioural approaches were quite similar in their effectiveness

A

false

Client centered, psychodynamic, and behavioural are quite similar

gestalt yielded less positive effects

91
Q

dodo bird verdict

A

widely different therapies have similar efficacy

92
Q

differential effectiveness

A

specific therapies may be highly effective for treating some clinical disorders but not others

93
Q

clinical significance

A

at the end of therapy, a clients depression scores should fall within the range for nondepressed people

94
Q

what clients variables are important to treatment outcome

A

Openness

Self relatedness

Nature of the problem

95
Q

openness

A

The clients general willingness to invest themselves in therapy and take the risks required to change themselves

96
Q

self relatedness

A

The clients ability to experience/understand internal states like thoughts/emotions

The clients ability to be attuned to the processes that go on in the relationship with her therapist

The clients ability to apply what they learned in therapy to their lives outside of treatment

97
Q

why is the nature of the problem and important client factor

A

The type of therapy being used should fit the nature of the problem

98
Q

deterioration effect

A

hostile interchanges between therapist and client can negatively impact the outcome of treatment

99
Q

does – response affect

A

The relation between the amount of treatment received and the quality of the outcome

100
Q

psycho pharmacology

A

The study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, and behaviours

101
Q

what types of drugs are Valium, Xanax, and BuSpar

A

anti-anxiety/tranquilizing drugs

102
Q

what is the drawback of anti-anxiety drugs

A

psychological and physical dependence can develop

They can experience with drawl symptoms when they stop taking them

Anxiety symptoms often return when people stop taking the drugs

103
Q

what is different about BuSpar

A

has fewer tiring side effects

Less potential for abuse

104
Q

how do anti-anxiety drugs work

A

increasing GABA, which is inhibitory

105
Q

what are the three major categories of antidepressant drugs

A

tricyclics

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor’s

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor’s

106
Q

how do tricyclics work

A

prevent re-uptake of excitatory transmitters

107
Q

how do MAO inhibitor’s work

A

reduce activity of monoamine oxidase, which breaks down neurotransmitters

108
Q

Side effects of MAO inhibitors

A

increase blood pressure if taken with certain food

109
Q

how do SSRI’s work

A

increase activity of serotonin

110
Q

Side effects of SSRIs

A

nervousness, insomnia, sweating, joint pain, sexual disfunction

111
Q

why are SSRIs replacing tricyclics

A

they have mild or side effects, and reduce depressive symptoms along with anxiety symptoms

112
Q

compare the recovery rates for psychotherapy and for drug therapy

A

higher for psychotherapy

113
Q

compare the recovery rates for psychotherapy and for combined treatments

A

they were the same

114
Q

compare the recovery rates for combined treatments and for drug therapy

A

combined treatments was higher

115
Q

major tranquilizers

A

synthetic antipsychotic drugs

116
Q

what is the primary effect of the major tranquilizers

A

decrease the action of dopamine

117
Q

what affects do antipsychotic drugs have on the symptoms of schizophrenia

A

they reduce positive symptoms

They have a little effect on negative symptoms

118
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

uncontrollable and grotesque movements of the face and tongue

Irreversible once it develops

119
Q

Side effects of antipsychotic drugs

A

Tardive dyskinesia

120
Q

pros of clozapine/clozaril

A

reduces positive and negative symptoms

Doesnt produce tardive dyskinesia

121
Q

cons of clozapine

A

produces a fatal blood disease in some people who take it

122
Q

electro convulsive therapy

A

attaching electrodes to the school, administering an electric current to the brain in order to induce a seizure

123
Q

T/F ECT is used to relieve anxiety disorders

A

false

it can’t relieve anxiety disorders

124
Q

which disorders respond favourably to ECT

A

major depression

125
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgical procedures that removes or destroys brain tissue to change disordered behaviour

126
Q

describe the first lobotomy performed by Walter Freeman

A

insert ice pick through edges of eyesocket into the brain

Wiggle it back-and-forth to sever the nerve tracts

127
Q

Side affects of lobotomies

A

seizures
Stupor
Memory/reasoning impairment
Listlessness

128
Q

cingulotomy

what is it

A

cutting a small fibre bundle near the corpus callosum that connects the frontal lobe’s with the limbic system

129
Q

cingulotomy

what does it treat

A

severe depressive disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder

130
Q

cingulotomy

side effects

A

seizures

131
Q

what was the problem of early mental health institutions

A

overcrowded
Understaffed
Underfinanced
People admitted lost the skills needed to re-enter the outside world

132
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

transfer in the primary focus of treatment from the mental institution to the community

133
Q

what are the two major approaches to preventing mental disorders

A

situation focussed prevention

Competency focussed prevention

134
Q

situation focussed prevention

A

reducing the environmental causes of behaviour disorders

Enhancing situational factors that prevent the development of disorders

135
Q

competency focus prevention

A

increase personal resources and coping skills

136
Q

battlemind

A

an intervention used on returned soldiers

debriefing phase, teaching them to adapt the combat skills they learned to the home environment

PSYCO 105 (8 decks)

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