Chapter 9 Key Terms

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns

Question 2

Traits

Answer 2

Recurring tends in people’s responses to their environment

Question 3

Cultural values

Answer 3

Shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture that influence the expression of traits

Question 4

Conscientiousness

Answer 4

One of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being dependable, organized, reliable, ambitions, hardworking, and persevering

Question 5

Agreeableness

Answer 5

One of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, and warm

Question 6

Neuroticism

Answer 6

One of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, and unstable.

Question 7

Openness to experience

Answer 7

One of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated.

Question 8

Extraversion

Answer 8

One of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality reflecting traits like being talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant

Question 9

Big Five

Answer 9

The five major dimensions of personality including, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion

Question 10

Accomplishment striving

Answer 10

A strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality

Question 11

Communion striving

Answer 11

A strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality

Question 12

Zero aquanintance

Answer 12

Situations in which two people have just met

Question 13

Status striving

Answer 13

A strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality

Question 14

Positive affectivity

Answer 14

A dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation.

Question 15

Negative affectivity

Answer 15

A dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance.

Question 16

Differential exposure

Answer 16

Being more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful, thereby feeling that stressors are encountered more frequently.

Question 17

Differential reactvity

Answer 17

Being less likely to believe that they can cope with the stressors experienced on a daily basis.

Question 18

Locus of control

Answer 18

Whether people believe the events that occur around them are self-driven or driven by the external environment

Question 19

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 19

A personality framework that evaluates people on the basis of four types or preferences: extraversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perciving.

Question 20

Interests

Answer 20

Expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities.

Question 21

RIASEC model

Answer 21

An interest framework summarized by six different personality types including realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Question 22

Culture

Answer 22

The shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations.

Question 23

Individualism-collectivism

Answer 23

The degree to which a culture has a loosely knit social framework (individualism) or a tight social framework (collectivism).

Question 24

Power distance

Answer 24

The degree to which a culture prefers equal power distribution (low power distance) or an unequal power distribution (high power distance).

Question 25

Uncertainty avoidance

Answer 25

The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguous situations (low uncertainty avoidance) or feels threatened by them (high uncertainty avoidance)

Question 26

Masculinity-femininity

Answer 26

The degree to which a culture values stereotypically male traits (masculinity) or stereotypically female traits (femininity).

Question 27

Short-term vs long-term orientation

Answer 27

The degree to which a culture stresses values that are past- and present-oriented (short-term orientation) or future-oriented (long-term orientation).

Question 28

Indulgence vs. restraint

Answer 28

The degree to which a culture values expression, freedom, and leisure versus strict social norms and order.

Question 29

Project GLOBE

Answer 29

A collection of 170 researchers from 62 cultures who examine the impact of culture on the effectiveness of leader attributes, behaviors, and practices.

Question 30

Ethnocentrism

Answer 30

A propensity to view one’s own cultural values as “right” and those of other cultures as “wrong.”

Question 31

Typical performance

Answer 31

Performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks

Question 32

Maximum performance

Answer 32

Performance in brief, special circumstances that demand a person’s best effort.

Question 33

Situational strength

Answer 33

The degree to which situations have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important.

Question 34

Trait activation

Answer 34

The degree to which situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a given personality trait.

Question 35

Integrity tests

Answer 35

Personality tests that focus specifically on a predisposition to engage in theft and other counterproductive behaviors (sometimes also called “honesty tests.”

Question 36

Clear purpose tests

Answer 36

Integrity tests that ask about attitudes toward dishonesty, beliefs about the frequency of dishonesty, desire to punish dishonesty, and confession of past dishonesty.

Question 37

Veiled purpose tests

Answer 37

Integrity tests that do not directly ask about dishonesty, instead assessing more general personality traits associated with dishonest acts.

Question 38

Faking

Answer 38

Exaggerating responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion.