- no synovial joints - amphiarthroses or synarthroses - held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartligae

Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards by Danica Louise

articulation

area of contact between:
two bones
cartilage and 2 bones
tooth and bone

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3 types of joints classified by structure

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

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3 joint types classified by function

synarthroses = immovable joints
amphiarthroses = slightly movable joints
diarthroses = free-movable joints

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Fibrous joints

no synovial cavity
synarthroses or amphiarthroses
held together by dense irregular CT

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examples of fibrous joints

sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes

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sutures (fibrous joints)

connect cranial bones
meshing irregular bones together
in infants = sutural ligaments are amphiarthroses
in adults = synarthroses

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synostosis

suture that becomes replaced by bone in children

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metopic suture

joins 2 halves of infant’s frontal bone

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syndesmoses (fibrous joints)

bones joined by an articular ligament (dense regular or irregular ct)
amphiarthroses

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examples of syndesmoses

distal tibio-fibular joint: secured by anterior tibio-fibular ligament
gomphosis: attached by periodontal membrane (periodontal ligament)

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interosseous membranes (fibrous joints)

connects shafts of parallel long bones
amphiathroses
site of attachment of skeletal muscles

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Cartilaginous joints

no synovial joints
amphiarthroses or synarthroses
held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartligae

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3 types of Cartilaginous joints

synchondroses
symphyses
epiphyseal cartilages

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synchondroses (Cartilaginous joints)

hyaline cartilage bone to bone

- amphiarthroses or synarthroses

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symphyses (Cartilaginous joints)

-thick fibrocartilage connects bones of midline of body
- amphiarthroses
- examples:
pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints

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epiphyseal cartilages (Cartilaginous joints)

epiphyseal growth plate = hyaline cartilage
tightly bond epiphysis to diaphysis
do not function as joints but classified as synarthroses

Synovial joints

articulating bone ends separated by synovial cavity
diarthrosis
examples: shoulder joint, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint

components of synovial joints - articular capsule

outer fibrous membrane identical to periosteum:
very flexible, great tensile strength, different arrangement seen to prevent bones of joint from being pulled apart
inner synovial membrane:
synoviocytes overlying areolar CT with elastic fibers, articular fat pads

components of synovial joints - synovial fluid

hyaluronic acid dissolved in ultra-filtrate of blood plasma secreted of blood plasma
secreted by synoviocytes
cleared by wandering macrophages

synovial fluid functions

hydraulic fluid (shock absorber)
joint lubricant
carrier of nutrients, gases and wastes

components of synovial joints - articular cartilage

caps bone ends
hyaline cartilage
prevents bone ends from grinding together
shock absorber

osteoarthritis (articular cartilage)

some articular cartilage lost exposing roughened bone surfaces grind together causing inflammation, pain and osteophytes

components of synovial joints - accessory structures found in some synovial joints

Intracapsular ligaments:
- located inside of articular capsule
- example: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee joint
Articular discs (aka, menisci):
- lateral and medial meniscus = fibrocartilage wedges
only found in knee joint
- functions:
shock absorbers
spacers, improving bone fit
joint lubricators
Labra:
- only found associated with ball and socket joints (glenoid labra and acetabular labra)
- fibrocartilage lip attached to socket margin
- function: extend working surface area of socket

components of synovial joints - bursae

small fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into the interior of the sac
function: a bursa reduces friction between bone and tendon, ligament, muscle, skin

bursitis

inflammatory disorder of bursae

components of synovial joints - tendon sheaths (synovial sheaths)

-some tendons pass through articular capsule of joints -function: to protect tendon and internal joint structures - elongated, double-layered and tube-like - visceral and parietal layers with a synovial cavity

movements at synovial joints - gliding movements

- flat bones slide back and forth or side to side | - occur at intercarpal and intertarsal joints

movements at synovial joints - angular movements

- increase or decrease joint angle between articulating bones - types: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

movements at synovial joints - rotation

- movement of body part around its own longitudinal axis - medial (internal) rotation = anterior surface rotated inward - lateral (external) rotation = anterior surface rotated outward - occurs at pivot and ball and socket joints

movements at synovial joints - special movements

1) inversion and eversion 2) elevation and depression 3) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion 4) protraction and retraction 5) supination and pronation 6) opposition

types of synovial joints

1) plane joints=flat surfaces articulate (biaxial or triaxial) 2) hinge joints=convex surface articulate with concave surface (monoaxial) 3) pivot joints=cylindrical projection pivots within a ring (uniaxial) 4) condyloid=oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity (biaxial) 5) saddle joints= saddle-shaped bone with "rider" (biaxial) 6) ball and socket joints= ball shaped head fits into cup shaped socket (triaxial

determinants of the range of motion of synovial joints

1) structure and shape of articulating bones 2) strength and tension of joint ligaments 3) arrangement and tension of skeletal muscles surrounding joint 4) contact with soft body parts 5) hormones 6) disuse, decreasing synovial fluidv

disorders of synovial joints

- sprain = stretching or tearing of a joint - strain = stretching or tearing of a tendon - rheumatoid arthritis = inflammatory disease due to loss of articular cartilage - gout = accumulation of uric acid in blood, formed as breakdown product of adenine and guanine

effects of aging

``` Chemical Composition: - chondrocytes die - calcification of matrix - osteoarthritis due to exposure of bone from articular cartilage breakdown Decreased synovial fluid ```