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BIO 1190 > Chapter 9 Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

articulation

A

area of contact between:
two bones
cartilage and 2 bones
tooth and bone

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2
Q

3 types of joints classified by structure

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

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3
Q

3 joint types classified by function

A 
synarthroses = immovable joints
amphiarthroses = slightly movable joints
diarthroses = free-movable joints
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4
Q

Fibrous joints

A

no synovial cavity
synarthroses or amphiarthroses
held together by dense irregular CT

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5
Q

examples of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes

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6
Q

sutures (fibrous joints)

A
  • connect cranial bones
  • meshing irregular bones together
  • in infants = sutural ligaments are amphiarthroses
  • in adults = synarthroses
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7
Q

synostosis

A

suture that becomes replaced by bone in children

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8
Q

metopic suture

A

joins 2 halves of infant’s frontal bone

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9
Q

syndesmoses (fibrous joints)

A
  • bones joined by an articular ligament (dense regular or irregular ct)
  • amphiarthroses
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10
Q

examples of syndesmoses

A
  • distal tibio-fibular joint: secured by anterior tibio-fibular ligament
  • gomphosis: attached by periodontal membrane (periodontal ligament)
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11
Q

interosseous membranes (fibrous joints)

A
  • connects shafts of parallel long bones
  • amphiathroses
  • site of attachment of skeletal muscles
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12
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • no synovial joints
  • amphiarthroses or synarthroses
  • held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartligae
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13
Q

3 types of Cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses
symphyses
epiphyseal cartilages

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14
Q

synchondroses (Cartilaginous joints)

A
  • hyaline cartilage bone to bone

- amphiarthroses or synarthroses

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15
Q

symphyses (Cartilaginous joints)

A

-thick fibrocartilage connects bones of midline of body
- amphiarthroses
- examples:
pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints

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16
Q

epiphyseal cartilages (Cartilaginous joints)

A
  • epiphyseal growth plate = hyaline cartilage
  • tightly bond epiphysis to diaphysis
  • do not function as joints but classified as synarthroses
17
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • articulating bone ends separated by synovial cavity
  • diarthrosis
  • examples: shoulder joint, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint
18
Q

components of synovial joints - articular capsule

A
  • outer fibrous membrane identical to periosteum:
    very flexible, great tensile strength, different arrangement seen to prevent bones of joint from being pulled apart
  • inner synovial membrane:
    synoviocytes overlying areolar CT with elastic fibers, articular fat pads
19
Q

components of synovial joints - synovial fluid

A
  • hyaluronic acid dissolved in ultra-filtrate of blood plasma secreted of blood plasma
  • secreted by synoviocytes
  • cleared by wandering macrophages
20
Q

synovial fluid functions

A
  • hydraulic fluid (shock absorber)
  • joint lubricant
  • carrier of nutrients, gases and wastes
21
Q

components of synovial joints - articular cartilage

A
  • caps bone ends
  • hyaline cartilage
  • prevents bone ends from grinding together
  • shock absorber
22
Q

osteoarthritis (articular cartilage)

A

some articular cartilage lost exposing roughened bone surfaces grind together causing inflammation, pain and osteophytes

23
Q

components of synovial joints - accessory structures found in some synovial joints

A

Intracapsular ligaments:
- located inside of articular capsule
- example: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee joint
Articular discs (aka, menisci):
- lateral and medial meniscus = fibrocartilage wedges
only found in knee joint
- functions:
shock absorbers
spacers, improving bone fit
joint lubricators
Labra:
- only found associated with ball and socket joints (glenoid labra and acetabular labra)
- fibrocartilage lip attached to socket margin
- function: extend working surface area of socket

24
Q

components of synovial joints - bursae

A
  • small fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into the interior of the sac
  • function: a bursa reduces friction between bone and tendon, ligament, muscle, skin
25
Q

bursitis

A

inflammatory disorder of bursae

26
Q

components of synovial joints - tendon sheaths (synovial sheaths)

A

-some tendons pass through articular capsule of joints
-function:
to protect tendon and internal joint structures
- elongated, double-layered and tube-like
- visceral and parietal layers with a synovial cavity

27
Q

movements at synovial joints - gliding movements

A
  • flat bones slide back and forth or side to side

- occur at intercarpal and intertarsal joints

28
Q

movements at synovial joints - angular movements

A
  • increase or decrease joint angle between articulating bones
  • types: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
29
Q

movements at synovial joints - rotation

A
  • movement of body part around its own longitudinal axis
  • medial (internal) rotation = anterior surface rotated inward
  • lateral (external) rotation = anterior surface rotated outward
  • occurs at pivot and ball and socket joints
30
Q

movements at synovial joints - special movements

A

1) inversion and eversion
2) elevation and depression
3) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
4) protraction and retraction
5) supination and pronation
6) opposition

31
Q

types of synovial joints

A

1) plane joints=flat surfaces articulate (biaxial or triaxial)
2) hinge joints=convex surface articulate with concave surface (monoaxial)
3) pivot joints=cylindrical projection pivots within a ring (uniaxial)
4) condyloid=oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity
(biaxial)
5) saddle joints= saddle-shaped bone with “rider” (biaxial)
6) ball and socket joints= ball shaped head fits into cup shaped socket (triaxial

32
Q

determinants of the range of motion of synovial joints

A

1) structure and shape of articulating bones
2) strength and tension of joint ligaments
3) arrangement and tension of skeletal muscles surrounding joint
4) contact with soft body parts
5) hormones
6) disuse, decreasing synovial fluidv

33
Q

disorders of synovial joints

A
  • sprain = stretching or tearing of a joint
  • strain = stretching or tearing of a tendon
  • rheumatoid arthritis = inflammatory disease due to loss of articular cartilage
  • gout = accumulation of uric acid in blood, formed as breakdown product of adenine and guanine
34
Q

effects of aging

A 
Chemical Composition:
- chondrocytes die
- calcification of matrix
- osteoarthritis due to exposure of bone from articular cartilage breakdown
Decreased synovial fluid

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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