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BIO 1190 > Chapter 11: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Muscular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

origin of a muscle

A
  • One bone remains stationary or near its original position

- the attachment of a tendon to the stationary bone

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2
Q

insertion of a muscle

A
  • on the bone that moves

- The attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone

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3
Q

RMA

A

reverse muscle action

=relatively stationary bone (origin) and movable bone (insertion) switch roles

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4
Q

a bone often functions as a ___ and its joint with another bone acts like a ____

A
  • lever

- fulcrum

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5
Q

when will the load be moves

A

when effort (E) is greater than load (L)

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6
Q

what is it based on for lever systems to show mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

A

It is based on the relative distances of the load and effort from the fulcrum

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7
Q

mechanical advantage

A 
occurs when load is close to fulcrum and effort if farther away from fulcrum (first class lever)
= allows large load to be moved a short distance with LITTLE effort
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8
Q

mechanical disadvantage

A 
effort applied close to fulcrum and load located farther away from fulcrum (third class lever)
= expend more effort to move small load but will be faster
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9
Q

what are the 5 possible fascicle arrangement?

A

1) parallel muscles
2) fusiform muscles
3) circular muscles
4) triangular muscles
5) pennate muscles

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10
Q

fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle; both ends terminate in flat tendons

A

parallel muscles

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11
Q

fascicles roughly parallel to long axis of muscle; muscle belly tapers at both ends, terminating in flat tendons

A

fusiform muscles

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12
Q

fascicles show a concentric circular pattern; seen in muscular sphincters

A

circular muscles

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13
Q

from thick central tendon, fascicles fan-out

A

triangular muscles

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14
Q

long tendons run most of muscle length; short fascicles emanate from tendon (feather-shaped)

A

pennate muscles

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15
Q

muscle power

A

the more muscle fiber per cm squared, the more forceful its contraction

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16
Q

muscle’s range of motion

A

the longer the fiber length, the greater the range of motion

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17
Q

how are pennate muscles compared to parallel muscles?

A

pennate muscles are more powerful than parallel muscles but pennate muscle has a smaller range of motion

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18
Q

“prime mover” = agonist

A

when the body part is moved by a group of muscles, usually one is the agonist (does most of the work)

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19
Q

other muscles of working group

A

synergists

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20
Q

when prime mover crosses intermediate joints before reaching joint of its primary action, what do the synergists do?

A

contraction of synergists stabilize intermediate joints

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21
Q

what is the prime mover/agonist often opposed by?

A

opposed by an antagonist located in the opposite compartment

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22
Q

what happens to antagonist, when agonist shortens?

A

Antagonist lengthens

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23
Q

biceps branchii contracts and triceps branchii lengthens

A
  • flexion of forearm

- vice versa for extension of forearm

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24
Q

biceps branchii and triceps branchii

A

antagonist pair which has equal force resulting isometric contraction

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25
Q

muscles that stabilize the prime mover’s origin

A

fixators

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26
Q

when deltoid muscle abducts the arm

A

the scapula must be immobilized by fixators

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27
Q

naming based on characteristics of the muscle

A

1) size
2) shape
3) direction of fibers
4) number of attachments
5) action

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28
Q

size

A

gluteus maximus which is the largest muscle of the buttocks

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29
Q

shape

A

deltoid which is shaped like an inverted triangle

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30
Q

direction of fibers

A

rectus abdominis which is the longitudinal muscle of the abdomen

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31
Q

location

A

occipitofrontalis muscle which covers the frontal bone of skull

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32
Q

number of attachments

A

biceps branchii = 2 origins/heads

triceos branchii = 3 origins/ heads

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33
Q

action

A

extensor ligament= extends fingers
flexor digitorun= flex fingers
flexor carpi= flex wrist

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34
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A
  • Frontal belly of occipitofrontal
  • Orbicularis oculi
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Buccinator
  • Zygomaticus major
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35
Q

Frontal belly of occipitofrontals

facial expression

A
  • location: frontal bone of the skull
  • function: raises eyebrow, wrinkles brow and can draw scalp interiorly
  • origin: epicranial aponeurosis
  • insertion: skin overlying supraorbital margin
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36
Q

Orbicularis oculi

facial expression

A
  • location: ring-like muscle encircles eye
  • function: causes eyelid to close and responsible for crow’s feet at the corners of the eye
  • origin: frontal bone of medial orbit, medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone
  • insertion: lateral palpebral raphe
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37
Q

Orbicularis oris

facial expression

A
  • location: encircles the mouth
  • function: used to close and to pucker lips; shapes lips for speaking
  • origin: muscles around mouth opening
  • insertion: skin at labial commissure
38
Q

Buccinator

facial expression

A
  • location: in cheek area
  • function: compresses cheeks inwards; helps hold food in contact with teeth during chewing
  • origin: lateral alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible
  • insertion: orbicularis oris muscle
39
Q

Zygomaticus major

facial expression

A
  • location: extends from zygomatic arch to corners of the mouth
  • function: raises the corners of the mouth (smiling)
  • origin: zygomatic bone
  • insertion: skin at labial commissure and orbicularis oris
40
Q

Muscles of Mastication (muscles for chewing food and speaking)

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Platysma
41
Q

Masseter

mastication

A
  • location: extends from zygomatic arch to mandible
  • function: raises mandible, closing jaw for chewing food and speaking
  • origin: zygomatic arch and maxilla
  • insertion: ramus of mandible
42
Q

Temporalis

mastication

A
  • location: overlies temporal bone
  • function: raises mandible, closing jaw
  • origin: temporal bone
  • insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible
43
Q

Platysma

mastication

A
  • location: chin, neck and upper chest
  • function: depress mandible (opens lower jaw)
  • origin: fascia overlying upper portions of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
  • insertion: mandible and skin of lower face
44
Q

Muscles that move the Head

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
45
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

move the head

A
  • location: lateral neck (both sides of the body), extends from the clavicle and sternal up to a mastoid process of temporal bone
  • function: when both contracts = neck is flexed
    when one contracts = head rotates to
    opposite side or neck flexes laterally
  • origin: manubrium of sternum and clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone and some fibers
46
Q

Muscles of the trunk

A
  • External and internal obliques, and the transversus abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Trapezius
  • Other muscles ( External and Internal Intercostal)
47
Q

External and Internal obliques and the transversus abdominis LOCATION

A
  • lateral abdominal wall on each side (run in different direction)
  • external and internal obliques between lower ribs and pelvic girdle
  • transversus abdominis runs horizontally
48
Q

External and Internal oblique and the transversus abdominis FUNCTION

A
  • 3 sets of muscles tense and support the lateral abdominal wall
    external and internal obliques:
  • acting unilaterally, produce lateral rotation and lateral flexion of vertebral column
  • acting bilaterally, produce flexion of vertebral column
49
Q

External oblique

A
  • origin: ribs #5-12

- insertion: iliac crest and linea alba

50
Q

Transversus oblique

A
  • origin: costal cartilage #5-10, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament and iliac crest
  • insertion: xiphoid, linea alba, and pubic crest
51
Q

fibrous band that extends from xyphoid process all the way down to the pubic symphysis

A

linea alba

52
Q

Internal oblique

A
  • origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament and thoracolumbar, fascia
  • insertion: costal cartilages #7-10
53
Q 
Rectus abdominis
(trunk)
A
  • location: runs from pubic bones to ribs and sternum
  • function: compresses abdominal cavity and helps flex vertebral column forward
  • origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
  • insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages of rib pairs 5-7
54
Q

Trapezius

trunk

A

= TWO triangular-shaped muscles

  • location: the back of the neck in the dorsal trunk
  • function: extend the neck, rotate scapulae upward, help adduct scapulae
  • origin: occipital bone and vertebrae C1-C7 via the ligamentum nuchae and vertebrae T1-T12
  • insertion: acromion and spine of the scapula
55
Q

Other muscles located in between the ribs

trunk

A

External Intercostals: pulls ribs upward and outward which occur during INHALATION
- origin: inferior border of upper rib
- insertion: superior border of adjacent lower rib
Internal Intercostals: pulls ribs downward and inward which occur during EXHALATION
- origin: superior border of lower border
- insertion: inferior border of adjacent upper rib

56
Q

Muscles that move the Pectoral Girdle and the Arm

A
  • Deltoid
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Other Muscles
57
Q

Deltoid

pectoral girdle and arm

A

= resembles an inverted triangle

  • location: covers shoulder and causes bulge of upper arm
  • function: lateral fibers abduct arm, anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm, posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm
  • origin: clavicle and acromion process and spine of scapula
  • insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
58
Q

Pectoralis Major

pectoral girdle and arm

A
  • location: upper chest
  • function: adducts and medially rotates the arm, clavicular head flexes arm at shoulder joint, sternocostal head extends arm at shoulder joint
  • origin: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages
  • insertion: greater tubercle and intertubercular sulcus of humers
59
Q 
Latissimus Dorsi (swimmer's muscle)
(pectoral girdle and arm)
A
  • location: lower back; laterally and dorsally
  • function: extends, adducts and medially rotates arm and draws extended arm backward
  • origin: iliac crest and spines of vertebrae T7-12, L1-5, ribs 9-12
  • insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus
60
Q

Serratus anterior

pectoral girdle and arm

A
  • location: below axilla; lateral chest
  • function: abducts scapula and rotates it upwards, pulls scapula forward around rib cage, helps deltoid muscle raise arm above horizontal level
  • origin: upper 9 ribs
  • insertion: medial border and inferior angle of scapula
61
Q

other muscles

(pectoral girdle and arm

A

Rhomboideus Major, Infraspinatus, Terus Major

62
Q

Muscles that move the Forearm

A
  • Biceps branchii
  • Triceps branchii
  • Branchialis
  • Brachioradialis
63
Q

Biceps branchii

forearm

A
  • location: anterior arm
  • function: flexes forearm at elbow and arm at shoulder, supinates head
  • origin: scapula
    long head = supraglenoid tubercle-above glenoid cavity
    short head = coracoid process
64
Q

Triceps branchii

forearm

A
  • location: posterior arm
  • function: extends forearm at elbow, extends arm at shoulder
  • origin:
    long head = infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
    lateral & medial heads = proximal humerus
  • insertion: olecranon process of ulna
65
Q

Brachioradialis

forearm

A
  • location: lateral forearm
  • function: flexes forearm at elbow joint, and draws forearm back to anatomical position following pronation or supination
  • origin: lateral distal humerus
  • insertion: above styloid process of radius
66
Q

Muscles that move the Hand

A
  • Flexor and Extensor Carpi muscles

- Flexor and Extensor Digitorum muscles

67
Q

Flexor and Extensor CARPI muscles

hand

A
  • location: flexors=anterior, extensors=posterior
  • function: move hand
  • origin: humerus or humerus AND ulna
  • insertion: carpals and metacarpals
68
Q

Flexor and Extensor DIGITORUM muscles

A
  • location: flexors=anterior, extensors=posterior
  • function: move fingers, flexingor extending a phalanx at MCP, PIP or DIP joints
  • origin: humerus or humerus radius AND/OR ulna
  • insertion: phalanges
69
Q

Muscles that move the Thigh

A
  • Iliopsoas
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Adductor muscles
70
Q

Iliopsoas

thigh

A

= psoas major and iliacus

  • location: lumbar spine and upper thigh
  • function: flexes thigh at hip, helps prevent trunk from falling backward in standing position, laterally rotates thigh at hip
  • origin: lumbar vertebrae, ilium and sacrum
  • insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
71
Q

Gluteus maximus

thigh

A
  • location: largest part of buttock
  • function: extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
  • origin: iliac crest, posterior ilium, sacrum and coccyx
  • insertion: proximal femur
72
Q

Gluteus medius

thigh

A
  • location: partially covered by gluteus maximus
  • function: abducts and medially rotates thigh at hip
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: greater trochanter
73
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • the antagonist of the ileus muscle with respect of extension
  • important for running, walking, and climbing the stairs
74
Q

Adductor muscles

thigh

A
  • pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis and gracilis
75
Q

Adductor muscles

thigh

A
  • location: medial thigh
  • function: adduct, flex and rotate thigh at hip joint
    (except POSTERIOR part of adductor magnus extends
    thigh at hip)
    GRACILIS = flexes leg at knee
  • origin: pubis and ischium
  • insertion: femur, tibia for GRACILIS
76
Q

Muscles that move the Leg

A
  • Quadriceps femur group
  • Hamstring group
  • Sartorius
77
Q

Sartorius

leg

A
  • location: begins posterior-anterior at iliac spine and passes across thigh to medial side of knee and onto the leg
  • function: flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh at hip, flexes leg at knee
  • origin: anterior superior spine of ilium
  • insertion: medial tibial shaft
78
Q

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

A

Hamstring group

leg

79
Q

Hamstring group

leg

A
  • location: posterior thigh
  • function: flex leg at knee, extend thigh at hip
  • origin: ischial tiberosity
  • insertion: lateral or medial tibia, AND proximal fibula for biceps femoris ONLY
80
Q

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

A

Quadriceps femoris

thigh

81
Q

Quadriceps femoris

thigh

A
  • location: anterior, lateral and medial thigh
  • function: extend leg at knee, AND flexes thigh at hip (rectus femoris ONLY)
  • origin: rectus femoris = anterior inferior iliac spine
    vastus muscles = proximal femur
  • insertion: patella
    quadriceps tendon continues as patellar ligament to insert on tibial tuberosity
82
Q

Muscles that move the Foot

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Fibularis
  • Flexor and Extensor Digitorum muscles
83
Q

Gastrocnemius

foot

A
  • location: posterior leg (calves)
  • function: plantar flexes foot at ankle, flexes leg at knee joint
  • origin: lateral and medial condyles of distal femur
  • insertion: calcaneus
84
Q

Soleus

foot

A
  • location: below gastrocnemius
  • function: plantar flexes foot at ankle
  • origin: proximal medial tibia and head of fibula
  • insertion: calcaneus via calcaneum tendon
85
Q

Tibialis anterior

foot

A
  • location: anterior leg
  • function: dorsiflexes foot at ankle, supinates foot at intertarsal joints
  • origin: lateral condyle and shaft of proximal tibia, and interosseous membrane
  • insertion: 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bones
86
Q

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A

Fibularis also known as Peroneus

87
Q

Fibularis

foot

A
  • location: lateral leg
  • function: plantar flexion of foot at ankle joints, pronation of foot at intertarsal joints
  • origin: fibular head and shaft
  • insertion: fibularis longus = 1st cuneiform and 1st
    metatarsal bones
    fibularis brevis = 5th metatarsalbase
88
Q

Flexor and Extensor Digitorum muscles

A
  • location: lateral and posterior leg
  • function: plantar flex (flexors) OR dorsiflex (extensors) foot at ankle, flex (flexors) OR extend (extensors) toes in MCP, PIP or DIP
  • origin: tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
  • insertion: proximal, middle and distal phalanges
89
Q

adduct

A

a muscle move a limb or other part of the body toward the midline of the body or toward another part

90
Q

abduct

A

a muscle move a limb or part away from the midline of the body or from another part.

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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