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BIO 1190 > Chapter 19 The blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 The blood Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hematology

A

the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, tissues that make the blood, diseases of blood and treatment of diseases

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2
Q

Blood

A

a connective tissue with “cells” suspended in plasma

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3
Q

3 General functions of blood

A
  • transport
  • regulation of various body parameters
  • protection
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4
Q

Blood transport various substances to tissue cells

A
  • from capillary blood to interstitial fluid then across cell plasma membranes into cytosol
  • substances include oxygen, nutrients, hormones and regulatory factors, electrocytes, etc.
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5
Q

Blood transport substances from the body’s cells

A
  • substances include secretory products, glucose, cellular waste products
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6
Q

Blood Function: pH regulation

A

achieved by buffers (ex phosphate and carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffers and plasma proteins)

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7
Q

Blood Function: thermoregulation

A

Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels: decreases loss of body heat
Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels: increases loss of body heat

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8
Q

Blood Function: regulation of osmotic pressure

A
  • osmotic pressure exerted by blood and interstitial fluid determine by salt and protein content
  • blood colloidal osmotic pressure due to relative amounts of protein in plasma and interstitial fluid
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9
Q

Blood Function: protection

A
  • blood contains WBCs and proteins which protect the body against foreign cells and particles, cancer cells, and toxins
  • hemostasis: protection from exsanguination (bleeding to death) caused by severe traumatic injury
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10
Q

Physical Characteristics of Blood

A
  • avg adult male: about 5-6 liters of blood
  • avg adult female: about 4-5 liters of blood
  • blood temperature at core = about 37.6 C
  • normal blood pH range = 7.35-7.45
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11
Q

Components of blood

A
  • centrifuged whole anticoagulated blood separates into 2 layers: blood plasma and formed elements
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12
Q

Blood plasma

A
  • upper layer
  • ECF found within blood vessels
  • 92% water, 55% of whole blood volume
  • contains nutrients, wastes, electrocytes, buffers, gases, hormones, enzymes and other plasma proteins
  • plasma constituents maintain osmotic pressure
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13
Q

Plasma proteins in the blood plasma contain:

A
  • albumins (54%)
  • globulins (38%)
  • fibrinogen (7%)
  • other protein types (>1%)
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14
Q

albumins (54%) of plasma protein

A
  • main colloidal osmotic protein
  • function as transport proteins
  • made by the liver
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15
Q

globulins (38%) of plasma protein

A 
alpha and beta globins 
- transport proteins that carry fats, fat-soluble vitamins, and iron (transferrin)
- made by the liver 
gamma globins
- mostly antibodies
- made by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells
- not made by the liver
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16
Q

fibrinogen (7%) of plasma protein

A
  • part of the blood clotting proteins that also include clotting factors VII, IX, and X
  • fibrinogen converted to fibrin that forms blood clot meshwork
17
Q

Formed Elements

A
  • lower layer

- about 45% of whole blood volume

18
Q

Formed Elements of blood are:

A
  • RBCs = erythrocytes, >99%
  • WBCs = leukocytes, true cells
  • Platelets = thrombocytes, involved in clotting
19
Q

Buffy coat

A

a thin film of WBCs and platelets on the surface of packed RBCs that appear on the hematocrit

20
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • % of whole blood that is RBCs
  • adult Hct > 60% = polycythemia, increased blood viscosity
  • adult Hct < 30% = severe anemia
21
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

continuous process by which blood cells are formed

22
Q

fetal hemopoiesis

A

sites include liver, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, and eventually red bone marrow

23
Q

adult hemopoiesis

A

red bone marrow is the only site

24
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

red bone marrow contains pluripotent stem cells that produce different cell types

25
Q

during hemopoiesis

A

red bone marrow stem cells produce formed elements of blood

26
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

divides and its daughter cells differentiate into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells which can divide and self-renew

27
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

divide and their daughter cells differentiate into progenitor cells, aka Colony-forming units (CFU) which can divide but CANNOT self-renew

28
Q

Colony-forming units (CFU)

A

produce blast cells aka precursor cells which divides and produce formed elements of blood

29
Q

CFU-E

A

produce proerythroblasts which produces reticulocytes

30
Q

CFU-Meg

A

produce megakaryoblasts which produces megakaryocytes

31
Q

CFU-GM

A

produce:

1) eosinophilic myeloblasts = eosinophils
2) basophilic myeloblasts = basophils
3) neutrophilic myeloblasts = neutrophils
4) monoblasts = monocytes

32
Q

CFU-Mast

A

mast cells

33
Q

lymphoid stem cells divide and its daughter cells differentiate into:

A

1) T-lymphoblasts = T-lymphocytes
2) B-lymphoblasts = B-lymphocytes
3) NK-lymphoclasts = natural killer cells

34
Q

mature blood cells

A
  • collect in blood sinuses which surround red bone marrow and enter general circulation
  • once blood cells have left the red bone marrow, they never divide again EXCEPT pre-T lymphocytes
35
Q

Thymus gland

A

where pre-T lymphocytes divide producing T-lymphocytes

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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