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BIO 1190 > Chapter 3 cellular level or organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3 cellular level or organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 main parts of the cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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2
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane

A

50% protein 50%lipid

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3
Q

what are the lipid components of the plasma membrane? and their percentages

A

phospholipid- 75%
glycolipids- 5%
cholestoerol- 20%

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4
Q

what are glycolipids

A

oligosaccharides attached to fatty acids

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5
Q

what is the rold of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

to decrease membrane flexibility and to increase membrane strength

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6
Q

two types of membrane protein

A

integral membrane proteins anf peripheral membran protein

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7
Q
  • amphiphatic having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

- hydrophobic parts are covalently bonded to fatty acids of bilayer

A

integral membrane protein

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8
Q
  • attached to either extracellular or cytosolic membrane face
  • attached to phospholipid polar head groups or integral membrane proteins
A

peripheral membrane proteins

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9
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the best model to describe the structure of the plasma membrane

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10
Q
  • composed of membrane of glycolipids and glycolipids

- used for protection or for linking cells together

A

glycocalyx

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11
Q

function of ion channel

A

allow specific ions to enter/exit cell via diffusion

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12
Q

function of receptors

A

bind specific ligands (ex. hormones or neutrotransmitters)

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13
Q
  • catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell
  • are not “eaten up” during the chemical reaction
A

enzymes

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14
Q

ankorin anchors cytoskeleton to cell membrane

A

an example of linkers

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15
Q

move specific substances (polar molecules or ions) acroos membrane

A

carriers

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16
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

combined effect of chemical/concentration and electrical gradients

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17
Q

electrical gradient across membrane

A

membrane potential

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18
Q

plasma membrane interior has a slight negative charge and exterior has a slight postive charge

A

electrical gradient across plasma membrane

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19
Q

what is the chemical concentration gradient across plasma membrane

A

a chemical is present in higher amounts on one side of membrane on the other and move select substances across membrane

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20
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-20mV to -100mV (inside)

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21
Q

permeability characyeristics due to hydrophobic core of plasma membrane

A
  • lipds, O2, CO2 move freely
  • small uncharged polar molecules must wait for gaps to open
  • ions and large uncharged polar molecules requires transport proteins
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22
Q

passive process

A

a substance that moves with its electrical or chemical gradient and requires kinetic energy

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23
Q

active process

A

a substance that moves against its electrical or chemical gradient and requires ATP hyrdrolysis

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24
Q

diffusion

A

passive movement of ions and molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • passive diffusion using carriers or channels

- channel-mediated facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

water-filled transmembrane channeles are used to move small hydrophillic inorganic substance and are mostly ion channels

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27
Q

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

carrier proteins diffuse large non-lipid soluble substances across selectively permeable membrane

28
Q

what happenes when a substance exceeds availability of free carriers for the facilitated diffusion

A

saturation occurs

29
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of solvent (relative to water)

30
Q

how can water pass easily through a selective permeable membrane

A

through the amphiphatic bilayer or through the aquaporins (APQs)

31
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the liquid pressure that is exerted to make sure that one side of the plasma membrane does not get too much water molecules. this helps reach equilibrium of the water molecules

32
Q

osmotic pressure

A
  • pressure of a solution when it contains impereable solute that cannot cross the mebrane, the higher the concentration solute is, the higher the osmotic pressure.
  • to stop the movement of water from one side to another and return back to its original state
33
Q

tonicity

A
  • a solution’s ability to change the cell’s volume by changing the water content through osmosis
  • isotonic
34
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration than the cell’s which causes hemolysis =burst

35
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher concentration than the cell’s which causes crenation=shrinking

36
Q

Active transport

A

transport polar and charged solutes from low concentration to high concentration

37
Q

differences between phagocytes and pinocytes

A

phagocytes- “cell eating” and ingest using pseudopods
and destructs microorganisms
pinocytosis- “cell drinking” and ingests small materials dissolved or suspended in H2O

38
Q

endocytosis

A
  • plasma membrane surrounds sundtance and brings it inside cell within a membrane vesicle
  • fuses with lysomes
39
Q

types of endocytes

A

phagocytes, pinocytes and receptor mediated endocytosis

40
Q

exocytosis

A
  • process of discharging from the cell material too large to go through membrane
  • fuses with plasma membrane
41
Q

cytosol

A

intercellular fluid

42
Q

temporarily-stored organic substances and depend on cell type (ex. glycogen granules, lipid droplets, melanin, etc)

A

inclusions

43
Q

the cytoskeleton consists these protein filaments for structure

A

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

44
Q

why is the cytoplasm not rigid

A

because they are constantly remodeling

45
Q
  • for muscle contraction and contains pseudopodia

- composed of actin or myosin

A

Microfilaments

- provide mechanical support especially periphary of the cell and at the core of microvilli

46
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • larger than microfilaments but smaller than mifcrotubules
  • anchor organelles within cell and used in cell junctions
  • maintain cell shape
47
Q
  • move chromosomes in mitosis (in mitotic splindle fibers)
  • made in centresome
  • moves cilia and flagella
A

microtubules (tubulin)

48
Q

motor proteins

A

propel vesicles along a microtubule

49
Q

conjectural role

A

intercellular signaling between different parts of the cell

50
Q

centrosome

A

centriole pair( for spindle fibers) + pericentriolar matrix ( contains tubulin)

51
Q

hydrolase enzymes

A

type of vesicle, lysosomes for intracellular digestion

52
Q

autodigestion (autophagy)

A

a lysosomal process in which worn out cell cell components enclosed in autophagosomes are broken down and disposed of as part of normal cytoplasmic maintenance and turnover

53
Q

cell self destructs with the help if lysosomes (cell death)

A

autolysis which are necrosis (pathological) and apoptosis (programmed)

54
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • contains oxidase enzymes called peroximal catalase

- oxidize organic substances

55
Q
  • to degrade cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins
  • chop proteins into small peptides
  • terminate metabolic enzyme activity in cytoplasm
A

proteasomes

56
Q
  • shelf-like projections

- huge surface area for enzymatic reactions

A

cristae

57
Q

capase enzymes

A

the enzyme that is activated when disturbance in the aerobic cellular respiration happens and leads to apoptosis

58
Q

nucleoplasm

A

highly viscous liquid within nucleus

59
Q

introns and exons

A

exons=portions of gene that code for protein

introns= do not code for parts of protein and intervens DNA base sequences

60
Q

proteome

A

all the proteins expressed by an organism

61
Q

polysomes (polyribosomes)

A

several ribosomes continuially translating the same mRNA chain

62
Q

64 different possible DNA base triplets

A

64 RNA triplet codons for the type of amino acid but only 22 codons are necessary

63
Q

3 binding sites for tRNA

A

APE

aminoacyl, peptidyl and exit

64
Q

in a normal cell division what kind of divisions are there

A

1 nurclear division and 2 cytoplasmic division

65
Q

kinetochors

A

develop on either side of centromere for the pulling apart of the chromosomes

66
Q

when does DNA begin to duplicated making sure that the cell is dividing

A

S phase

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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