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BIO 1190 > Chapter 4 Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of germ layers

A

mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

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2
Q

Which type of cell junction prevents the contents of organs from leaking into surrounding tissues?

A

Tight junction

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3
Q

Which types of cell junctions are found in epithelial tissue?

A

Tight junction, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

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4
Q

protects body against dehydration, injury, bacteria,etc

A

external epithelia

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5
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus to protect the lining of tracts in the body

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6
Q

located near the epithelium and secreted by the epithelium, composed of collagen, laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

basal lamina (basement membrane of epithelium)

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7
Q

closest to the connective tissue, composed mostly of fibrous proteins (collagen and reticular fibers)

A

reticular lamina (basement membrane of epithelium)

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8
Q

flat cells, forms part of the respiratory membrane and lines interior of blood vessels, contain mesothelium

A

squamous epithelium- for filtration and diffusion

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9
Q

cube shaped cells, thick enough to accomodate mitochondria to make ATP for active procceses

A

cuboidal epithelium - for secretion or absorption

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10
Q

columns with basally located nuclei, lines GI tract, contains goblet cells

A

columnar epithelium - for ciliary transport, secretion and absorption, and mucus production

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11
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines the organs’ outer surfaces such as the small intestine

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12
Q

Why are epithelial and connective tissues found adjacent to each other?

A

because since epithelial tissues are avascular, connective tissues provide the blood supply to the epithelium

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13
Q

cells in single layer which funtions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion or absorption

A

simple epithelium

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14
Q

appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels, for respiratory system and function in mucociliary clearance

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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15
Q

consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear, can be keratized or not

A

stratified epithelium

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16
Q

lining most of urinary tract and can go from stratified cuboidal to stratified squamous

A

transitional epithelium

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17
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

digestive enzymes for GI tract that are compound tuboloacinar

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18
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete directly into blood

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20
Q

the 3 types of multicellular exocrine glands

A

holocrine- secretion released from sloughed dead cells
merocrine- secrete via exocytosis
apocrine- secretions released as special part of cell pinches off (ex. milk from alveolar cells of mamary glands)

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21
Q

apocrine sweat glands do not secrete via ________

A

apocrine mechanism

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22
Q

which type of connective tissues does not contain nerves

A

cartilage

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23
Q

mature cells reduced capacity to divide and make extracellular matrix

A

fribrocyte, chondrocyte (except osteocyte)

“cyte” = mature cells

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24
Q

fibroblasts

A

large flat cells that secrete protein fibers and ground substance, and syntheiszes extracellular matrix, present in all connective tissues

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25
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytes from monocytes, destroy microbes

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26
Q

adipocytes

A

store fat (triglycerides)
secrete adipocytes
found in heart and kidneys

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27
Q

eosinophils

A

froom blood and phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes that can lead to tissue damage

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28
Q

To what class of glands do sebaceous (oil) glands belong? Salivary glands?

A

exocrine glands

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29
Q

Where are endothelium and mesothelium located?

A

mesothelium- pericardium, pleura, reproductive system

endothelium- lymph vessels, blood vessels and the heart

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30
Q

neutrophils

A

first phagocytes to arrive at wound sites, are microphages

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31
Q

what is the extracellular mostly composed of?

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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32
Q

3 types of collagen fibers and its functions and location

A

1) collagen fibers-strength and flexibility
- bone, dermis, etc
2) elastic fibers- elastin and fibrilin
- skin, bloos vessels, lungs, etc
3) reticular fibers- fine buncles of collagen fibers anf glycoprotein coating for support in some organs
- basement membranes, stroma of lymph nodes and areolar connective tissue

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33
Q

packing material between connective tissue, gelatinous or calcified, made by connective tissue cells

A

ground substance

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34
Q

what is the ground substance composed of

A

1) glycosaminoglycans
which then binds with peptide backbones to form
2) proteolycans- holds ECF

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35
Q

types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs/mucopolysaccharides)

A 
hyaluronic acid (wharton's jelly) - does not bind with peptide backbone 
dermatan sulfate (skin, blood vessels)
chindroitin sulfate (joint, cartilage, bone)
keratin sulfate (cornea of the eye)
36
Q

links cells and fibers to ground substance

A

fibronectin

37
Q

embryonic connective tissue types

A

mesenchyme from mesoderm

mucous connective tissue (wharton’s jelly-hyalouric acid of umbilical cord)

38
Q

mature connective tissue types

A

Loose, Dense (fibrous), Cartilage, Bone and Blood

39
Q

subtypes of connective tissues

A

areolar connective tissue (some body membranes, ex:hypodermis)
adipose tissue
recticular connective tissue

40
Q

kinds of adipose tissue

A

1) white adipose tissue- energy storage and production of adipocytokines
2) brown adipose tissue- thermogenisis in fetus and infant, can also be found in small animals
- prevents protons from entering ATP synthetase

41
Q
  • holds your bloos in place in many of your organs, support parenchymal cells
  • stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and smooth muscles
A

recticular connective tissue

42
Q

subtypes of dense connective tissues and its location

A

1) dense regular connective tissue
- ligaments and tendons (bloos supply is very poor)
2) dense irregular connective tissue
- dermis, fibrous pericardium, perichondrium and periosteum, and heart valves
3) elastic connective tissue
- lunds and elastic arteries

43
Q

what is the source of all connective tissue cells

A

embryonic mesenchymal cells

44
Q

difference between immature and mature cells

A
  • immature cells are usually capable of cell division except osteoblasts, and produce all protein fibers required for its unique matric
  • mature cells maintans the extracellular matrix
45
Q

types of mature and immature cells

A

immature- fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts

mature- fibrocyte, osteocyte (bone) , chondrocyte(cartilage)

46
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

47
Q

semisolid matrix with embedded chondrocytes living in lacunae

A

cartilage connective tissue

48
Q

most abundant cartilage; attaches ribs to sternum

A

hyaline cartilage

49
Q

reduces heat loss through skin; serves as an energy reserve; supports and protects organs, specialized to store triglycerides

A

adipose tissue

50
Q

for strength, elasticity, support, and is the most widely spreaded connective tissue

A

areolar tissue

51
Q
  • cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes= more extracellular matrix
  • expand from within like bread rising
A

intersitial growth

52
Q
  • differentation occurs by chondroblasts surrounding itself with the extracellular matrix to become chondrocytes
  • grow in width, due to matrix accumulating in the perichondrium
A

appositional growth

53
Q

the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.

A

perichondrium

54
Q

give bone its hardness and compressive strength, and collagen fibers, which give bone its tensile strength, responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue

A

lamellae

55
Q

responsible for the compact nature of mature tissue cells

chondrocytes and osteocytes

A

lacunae

56
Q

projecting from the lacunae and connects osteocytes with haversian canals with eachother

A

canaliculi

57
Q

comapct bone

A
  • found in shafts of long bones and outer layer of all bones

- Haversian system (osteocytes in lacunae around haversian canals connected by canaliculi)

58
Q

spongy bone

A

composed of of columns of bone called trabeculae which contains lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes but do lack osteons

59
Q

types of blood connective tissue cells

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

60
Q

does not have a nuclie which means they are not true cells, carry oxygen, biconcave discs, erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

61
Q

immune defense, true cells, eukocytes

A

white blood cells

62
Q

what type of blood cell develop into macrophages

A

monocytes

63
Q

natural killer cells that contain t-cells and b-cells

A

lymphocytes

64
Q

release histamine and heparin, role in inflammatory and allergy

A

basophils

65
Q

whar type of blood cells initiate blood clotting and have fragments of bone marrow megakaryotes (not true cells)

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

66
Q

Which type of connective tissue has an extrecellular matrix that is not made by the tissue cells

A

Blood connective tissue, the extracellular matrix is called plasma which is a liquid component

67
Q

contain actin and myosin myofilaments and most are in striations, movement of body parts

A

muscular tissue

68
Q

types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

69
Q

voluntary movement anf are attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle

70
Q

involuntary movement, no striations, in viscera and blood vessles, controlled by nerves hormones or local factors

A

smooth muscle

71
Q

found on in the walls of heart, contractions produce heartbeat, involuntary

A

cardiac muscle

72
Q

Which muscular cells contain gap junctions

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

Which muscular cells contain desmosomes and gap junctions

A

cardiac muscle

74
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

75
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

76
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

conduct impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

77
Q

efferent nerve fibers

A

conduct impuples from CNS to effectores (like muscles and glands)

78
Q

protects inner lining of some hollow organs and tubes , simle or stratified epithelium + underlying connective tisue layer (lamina propria)

A

Mucous membrane

79
Q

lines cavities that do not open directly to the outside (heart, lungs, abdominal visceral organs),
-simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + underlying connective tissue layer

A

Serous membrane

80
Q

Pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, peritoneal membranes

A

serous membrane

81
Q

mesentery

A

peritoneum that attaches small intestine to abdominal wall

82
Q

greater omentum

A

peritoneum that covers instestines, anteriorly

83
Q

lesser omentum

A

peritoneum between stomach and liver

84
Q

thin epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium + thicker dermis

A

cutaneous membranes n

85
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

The only connective tissue membrane whcih secretes synocial fluid into joint cavities

86
Q

cadherens/integrins

A

transmembrane glycoproteins that form intercellular links for cell junctions

87
Q

differences between tight junction, anchoring junction and communication junction

A
  • tight junction are fluid tight seals
  • ancjoring junction attach cells to other cells or ot extracellular material
  • communicating junctions allow electrical and chemical signaling

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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