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BIO 1190 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a hormone that aids absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

A

calcitriol (from vitamin d)

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2
Q

cutaneous membrane, covers about 2 square meters of body, 7 percent of total body weight

A

skin

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3
Q

flexion creases

A

areas of attachment to the finger joints or the toe joints

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4
Q

layer of skin that consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers; contains fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages - stores half of the bodies fat

A

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

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5
Q

Which epidermal layer includes stem cells that continually undergo cell division?

A

stratum basale

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6
Q

is a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

A

melanin

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7
Q

develop from ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

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8
Q

hardening process of keratin and cells arise from basal layer to surface requires 4-6 weeks

A

kerartinization

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9
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic disease, sloughing occurs in 1 week instead 4-6 weeks for keratinocytes to reach the surface

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10
Q

the thickest layer in thick skin and can get thicker due to mechanical stress (epidermal layer)

A

stratum corneum

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11
Q

How are epidermal ridges formed? How are surface grooves formed?

A
  • from interpapillary pegs penetrated by sweat glands

- from interpapillary pegs NOT penetrated by sweat glands

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12
Q

three pigments of the skin and their contribution to the skin colour

A

1) eumelanin = brown or black pigment
2) pheomelanin = yellow-red pigment
3) carotene = yellow orange pigment (for vision)

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13
Q
  • abnormal thickening of stratum corneum caused by chronic fiction
  • constant exposure of skin to friction causes?
A
  • callus

- increased cell production and keratin production

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14
Q

tyrosinase

A

used ofr melanin synthesis to make melanosomes (melanin granules)

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15
Q

difference between dark-skinned and light-skinned

A
  • variations in skin colour due mainly to amount and types of melanin and their distributions
  • large amounts of melanin in epidermis = dark
  • opposite = light
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16
Q

pale skinned people are often _____because of their lack of melanin means color of blood in dermal capillaries shows through

A

vascular

poor protection from UV light

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17
Q

sun tanning

A
  • increased melanin in skin

- melanin protect keratinocytes from possible UV-induced chromosal change

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18
Q

patchy accumulations of melanin in skin, fade in winter

A

skin freckles

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19
Q

patchy accumulations of lipofuscin-filled basal epithelial cells

A

age spots

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20
Q

genetic defect, inability to produce melanin in skin, hair and eyes, absence of tyrosinase, skin burn easily due to overexposure to sunlight

A

albinism (albinos are affected)

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21
Q

skin disorder, partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of skin (micheal jackson), autoimmunity that antibodies attack and kill melanocytes

A

virtiligo

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22
Q

melanocytic nevi

A

moles, skin growths from accumulations of melanocytes

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23
Q

dendtric cells from bone marrow, involved in immune mechanisms, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) help t-lymphocutes kill microbed

A

intraepidermal macrophages (non-keratinocytes in epidermis)

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24
Q

in stratum basale of hairless skin, detect some touch stimuli, synapses with a tactile disc (merkel disc)( at end of a sensory neuron

A

tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells) (non-keratinocytes in epidermis)

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25
Q

layer of skin where collagen fibers are most abundant with some elastic and reticular fibers - divides into 2 layers

A

Dermis

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26
Q

areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, superficial layer

A

papillary region

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27
Q

what can be found in the dermal papillae

A

touch corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) , free nerve endings (action potentials), capillary loops (blood vessels)

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28
Q

dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, makes tissue strong flexible extensible and elastic

A

reticular region

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29
Q

blushing

A

vasodilation of dermal blood vessels (enlarges lumen showing redness)

30
Q

pallor

A

vasoconstriction (paleness of skin due to shock or amenia)

31
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish-gray coloration of skin due to decreased oxygenated blood in vessels

32
Q

composed of single row of cubodial or columanar keratinocytes

A

stratum basale

33
Q

where can langehrens cells be found

A

intraepidermal macrophages can be found in the stratum spinosum

34
Q

Erythema

A

redness od skin, due to injury, exposure to heat, infection, allergic reactions

35
Q

dermatoglyphics

A

pattern of epidermal ridges

36
Q

thin skin, less elastic annd collagen, environemental causes such as excessive UV rays can affect prematurely skin aging

A

skin wrinkiling

37
Q

about ___ percent of epidermal cells are melanocytes

A

8

38
Q

lanugo

A

type of hair, downy non-pigmented hairs which are very thin and soft

39
Q

vellus

A

fine pale hairs

40
Q

terminal

A

course pigmented hairs

41
Q

in puberty what causes the axillary and pubic vellus hairs to be replaced with terminal hair

A

androgen secretion

42
Q

round, oval, kidney shaped hairs

A

straight, wavy, curly hairs

43
Q

hair follicle are composed of two parts

A

also knows as epithelial rooth sheath

-external and internal root sheath

44
Q

during embryonic development, stratum basale epidermal stem cells _____ downward

A

invaginate- be turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a pouch or cavity

45
Q

surrounding the epithelial rooth sheath, dense dermis

A

dermal rooth sheath

46
Q

hair matrix

A

epithelial stem cells, derived from stratum basale, has melanocytes for pigmentation of hair root and shaft,

47
Q

hair bulb

A

surrounds the dermal root sheath, base of each hair follicle

48
Q

cells of hair root and shaft

A

hair matrix epithelial stem cells

49
Q

3 layers of hair root and shaft

A

medulla (innermost)
cortext (middle w tightly packed pigment granules)
cuticle (outermost non pigmented layer)

50
Q

hair growth stages

A

growth/active- years
regression- weeks
resting- months

51
Q

amount and type of melanin (black hair)
tyrosinase activity level (gray hair)
replacement of piogment granules with air pockets (white hair)

A

determinants of hair colour

52
Q

alopecia

A

-temporary or permanent hair loss, baldness, genetics,hormonal, skin disease

53
Q

patchy hair loss from autoimmune disease

A

alopecia areata

54
Q

male pattern baldness, inherited condition which prevents growth of some scalp hair

A

androgenic alopecia

55
Q

nerve endings of sensory neuron wrapped around hair follicle, tacticle (touch) receptors

A

hair plexus

56
Q

sebum

A

oily substance from sebaceuous gland, prevents exccesive evaporation of water from the skin, inhibits growth of bacteria

57
Q

arrector pill muscles

A

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle, during cold or fear it causes contraction, defense

58
Q

tactile epithelial (merkel) discs and cells

A

touch receptors, in the stratum basale

59
Q

Meissner’s touch receptors

A

touch receptors, in the papillary dermis

60
Q

Lamellated (pacinian) receptors

A

pressure receptors, in the deep dermis and hypodermis

61
Q

rickets

A

deficient calcitriol

62
Q

mechanisms of thermoregulation

A

vasodilation and vasocontriction

63
Q

vasodilation

A

increase heat loss, blood vessels in dermis become wider, producing sweat

64
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease heat loss, blood vessels in dermis become narrow, decreased of sweat

65
Q

excretion

A

small bloos solutes are secreted in sweat

66
Q

absorption

A

hydrophillic and hydrophobic substances

67
Q

hypertrophic scar

A

scar remains within boundaries of original wound

68
Q

keloid scar

A

scar extends beyond boundaries into normaln surrounding tissues

69
Q

deep wound healing

A

inflammatory phase
migratory phase
proliferative phase
maturation phase

70
Q

epidermal wound healing

A
  • mitosis occurs in stratum basale = epidermal growth factor

- basale epithelial cells detach, migrate across wound surface, reattach and divide whic causes normal skin strata

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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