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BIO 1190 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

a hormone that aids absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

A

calcitriol (from vitamin d)

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2
Q

cutaneous membrane, covers about 2 square meters of body, 7 percent of total body weight

A

skin

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3
Q

flexion creases

A

areas of attachment to the finger joints or the toe joints

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4
Q

layer of skin that consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers; contains fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages - stores half of the bodies fat

A

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

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5
Q

Which epidermal layer includes stem cells that continually undergo cell division?

A

stratum basale

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6
Q

is a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

A

melanin

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7
Q

develop from ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

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8
Q

hardening process of keratin and cells arise from basal layer to surface requires 4-6 weeks

A

kerartinization

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9
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic disease, sloughing occurs in 1 week instead 4-6 weeks for keratinocytes to reach the surface

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10
Q

the thickest layer in thick skin and can get thicker due to mechanical stress (epidermal layer)

A

stratum corneum

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11
Q

How are epidermal ridges formed? How are surface grooves formed?

A
  • from interpapillary pegs penetrated by sweat glands

- from interpapillary pegs NOT penetrated by sweat glands

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12
Q

three pigments of the skin and their contribution to the skin colour

A

1) eumelanin = brown or black pigment
2) pheomelanin = yellow-red pigment
3) carotene = yellow orange pigment (for vision)

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13
Q
  • abnormal thickening of stratum corneum caused by chronic fiction
  • constant exposure of skin to friction causes?
A
  • callus

- increased cell production and keratin production

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14
Q

tyrosinase

A

used ofr melanin synthesis to make melanosomes (melanin granules)

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15
Q

difference between dark-skinned and light-skinned

A
  • variations in skin colour due mainly to amount and types of melanin and their distributions
  • large amounts of melanin in epidermis = dark
  • opposite = light
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16
Q

pale skinned people are often _____because of their lack of melanin means color of blood in dermal capillaries shows through

A

vascular

poor protection from UV light

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17
Q

sun tanning

A
  • increased melanin in skin

- melanin protect keratinocytes from possible UV-induced chromosal change

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18
Q

patchy accumulations of melanin in skin, fade in winter

A

skin freckles

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19
Q

patchy accumulations of lipofuscin-filled basal epithelial cells

A

age spots

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20
Q

genetic defect, inability to produce melanin in skin, hair and eyes, absence of tyrosinase, skin burn easily due to overexposure to sunlight

A

albinism (albinos are affected)

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21
Q

skin disorder, partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of skin (micheal jackson), autoimmunity that antibodies attack and kill melanocytes

A

virtiligo

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22
Q

melanocytic nevi

A

moles, skin growths from accumulations of melanocytes

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23
Q

dendtric cells from bone marrow, involved in immune mechanisms, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) help t-lymphocutes kill microbed

A

intraepidermal macrophages (non-keratinocytes in epidermis)

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24
Q

in stratum basale of hairless skin, detect some touch stimuli, synapses with a tactile disc (merkel disc)( at end of a sensory neuron

A

tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells) (non-keratinocytes in epidermis)

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25
layer of skin where collagen fibers are most abundant with some elastic and reticular fibers - divides into 2 layers
Dermis
26
areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, superficial layer
papillary region
27
what can be found in the dermal papillae
touch corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) , free nerve endings (action potentials), capillary loops (blood vessels)
28
dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, makes tissue strong flexible extensible and elastic
reticular region
29
blushing
vasodilation of dermal blood vessels (enlarges lumen showing redness)
30
pallor
vasoconstriction (paleness of skin due to shock or amenia)
31
cyanosis
bluish-gray coloration of skin due to decreased oxygenated blood in vessels
32
composed of single row of cubodial or columanar keratinocytes
stratum basale
33
where can langehrens cells be found
intraepidermal macrophages can be found in the stratum spinosum
34
Erythema
redness od skin, due to injury, exposure to heat, infection, allergic reactions
35
dermatoglyphics
pattern of epidermal ridges
36
thin skin, less elastic annd collagen, environemental causes such as excessive UV rays can affect prematurely skin aging
skin wrinkiling
37
about ___ percent of epidermal cells are melanocytes
8
38
lanugo
type of hair, downy non-pigmented hairs which are very thin and soft
39
vellus
fine pale hairs
40
terminal
course pigmented hairs
41
in puberty what causes the axillary and pubic vellus hairs to be replaced with terminal hair
androgen secretion
42
round, oval, kidney shaped hairs
straight, wavy, curly hairs
43
hair follicle are composed of two parts
also knows as epithelial rooth sheath | -external and internal root sheath
44
during embryonic development, stratum basale epidermal stem cells _____ downward
invaginate- be turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a pouch or cavity
45
surrounding the epithelial rooth sheath, dense dermis
dermal rooth sheath
46
hair matrix
epithelial stem cells, derived from stratum basale, has melanocytes for pigmentation of hair root and shaft,
47
hair bulb
surrounds the dermal root sheath, base of each hair follicle
48
cells of hair root and shaft
hair matrix epithelial stem cells
49
3 layers of hair root and shaft
medulla (innermost) cortext (middle w tightly packed pigment granules) cuticle (outermost non pigmented layer)
50
hair growth stages
growth/active- years regression- weeks resting- months
51
amount and type of melanin (black hair) tyrosinase activity level (gray hair) replacement of piogment granules with air pockets (white hair)
determinants of hair colour
52
alopecia
-temporary or permanent hair loss, baldness, genetics,hormonal, skin disease
53
patchy hair loss from autoimmune disease
alopecia areata
54
male pattern baldness, inherited condition which prevents growth of some scalp hair
androgenic alopecia
55
nerve endings of sensory neuron wrapped around hair follicle, tacticle (touch) receptors
hair plexus
56
sebum
oily substance from sebaceuous gland, prevents exccesive evaporation of water from the skin, inhibits growth of bacteria
57
arrector pill muscles
smooth muscle attached to hair follicle, during cold or fear it causes contraction, defense
58
tactile epithelial (merkel) discs and cells
touch receptors, in the stratum basale
59
Meissner's touch receptors
touch receptors, in the papillary dermis
60
Lamellated (pacinian) receptors
pressure receptors, in the deep dermis and hypodermis
61
rickets
deficient calcitriol
62
mechanisms of thermoregulation
vasodilation and vasocontriction
63
vasodilation
increase heat loss, blood vessels in dermis become wider, producing sweat
64
vasoconstriction
decrease heat loss, blood vessels in dermis become narrow, decreased of sweat
65
excretion
small bloos solutes are secreted in sweat
66
absorption
hydrophillic and hydrophobic substances
67
hypertrophic scar
scar remains within boundaries of original wound
68
keloid scar
scar extends beyond boundaries into normaln surrounding tissues
69
deep wound healing
inflammatory phase migratory phase proliferative phase maturation phase
70
epidermal wound healing
- mitosis occurs in stratum basale = epidermal growth factor | - basale epithelial cells detach, migrate across wound surface, reattach and divide whic causes normal skin strata

BIO 1190 (8 decks)

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