Chapter 2 chemical level of organization

Question 1

inorganic molecules

Answer 1

• not many hydrogen and carbon atoms
• commonly ionic bonds but invariable
• usually a few atoms
• non-living things with some exceptions

Question 2

organic molecules

Answer 2

• always contain carbon and hydrogen molecules
• covalent bonding between atoms is invariable
• have many atoms with some exceptions
• always living things or deceased living things

Question 3

types of liquid mixtures

Answer 3

solute- translucent and solute does not precipitate
colloids- semi-opaque and solute does not precipitate
suspension- opaque and suspended particles precipitate

Question 4

water

Answer 4

inorganic, polar covalent molecule, solvent, chemical reactions, high heat capacity, high heat vaporization, lubricant, cohesive

Question 5

inorganic acid

Answer 5

proton donors, compounds that dissasociate in water realeasing h+ and anions (-)

Question 6

inorganic base

Answer 6

proton accpetors, compounds that dissasociate in water releasing OH- and cations (+)

Question 7

inorganic salt

Answer 7

compounds that dissasociate in water releasing cations and anions

Question 8

cation vs anion

Answer 8

cations are positively more charged because it lost an electron
anions are negatively charged because it received an electron

Question 9

same chemical properties =

Answer 9

same # of electrons

Question 10

intramolecular and intermolecular

Answer 10

• hyndrogen bonds may be intramolecular or intermolecular
• intramolecular are the forces that HOLD the atoms topgether within a molecule
• intermolecular are forces that EXIST between molecules

Question 11

When does water dissociate

Answer 11

when water becomes ionize by breaking a pair of covalent bonds

Question 12

buffer

Answer 12

• chemical that binds excess H+ or excess OH-

- buffer systems make strong acids and bases into weak ones

Question 13

polymeric biomolecules (monomers)

Answer 13

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid

Question 14

dehydration synthesis

Answer 14

H and OH are removed from combining monomers and combined to make H2O while making covalent bonds

Question 15

hydrolysis

Answer 15

covalent bonds unit molecules disrupted by addition of water

Question 16

lipids

Answer 16

non polar molecules that are soluble ONLY in organic molecules, insoluble in water (water is inorganic)

Question 17

how can u determine the water solubility

Answer 17

is by how many polar covalent bonds or ionic groups in molecule

Question 18

functions of lipids

Answer 18

absorbs shock
energy storage in adipose tissue
prevents heat loss or gain
inflammatory mediators
local hormones
lipid-phase antioxidants 
regulation of membrane fluidity

Question 19

triglycerides

Answer 19

• glycerol and fatty acids which are formed from dehydration synthesis
• triglycerides composed of mono-unsaturated fatty acids are healthy lipids

Question 20

saturated vs unsaturated

Answer 20

saturated has no double bonds

unsaturated has double bonds

Question 21

trans-fats

Answer 21

are anti-metabolites

Question 22

phospholipid

Answer 22

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 23

eicosanoids

Answer 23

lipids made from unsaturated fatty acids found in the cell membranes

Question 24

prostagladin and leukotrienes

Answer 24

eicosanoids

• both are inflammatory mediators and anti-inflammatory compunds
• prostaglandin for local hormones
• leukotrienes for allergy

Question 25

structural support function of protein

Answer 25

collagen and elastin in connectice tissues

Question 26

enzymes

Answer 26

- organic catalysts - lower activation energy of reactions - some enzymes are made of apoenzyme and cofactor - enzyme names often gave -ase at the end

Question 27

how do amini acids differe from eachother

Answer 27

they differ by their R group

Question 28

peptide bond

Answer 28

covalent bonds of 2 amino acids

Question 29

protein denaturation

Answer 29

- caused by pH, heat, some chemicals | - disruption of secondary and tertiary structures

Question 30

nucleic acids

Answer 30

``` deoxyribosome acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) ```

Question 31

phosphate group, pentose and nitrogeneuos base

Answer 31

nucleotide

Question 32

double ring structures calle purines

Answer 32

A and G

Question 33

single ring structures called pyrimidines

Answer 33

C and T

Question 34

where does ATP capture energy from

Answer 34

exergonic reactions (reactions that release energy more than absorb)

Question 35

adenine + ribose

Answer 35

adenosine in ATP

Question 36

How does ATP release energy that is stored

Answer 36

uses ATPase and water

Question 37

catabolism vs anabolism

Answer 37

catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules | anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules

Question 38

oxidation vs reduction

Answer 38

oxidation is the loss of electrons | reductions is the gain of electrons