chapter 9, joints

Question 1

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 1

Joints held together by collagen fibers; little to no movement (e.g., sutures in the skull).

Question 2

Define a cartilaginous joint.

Answer 2

Joints connected by cartilage; slight movement (e.g., intervertebral discs).

Question 3

What characterizes a synovial joint?

Answer 3

Freely movable joints surrounded by a fluid-filled cavity (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Question 4

What is a synarthrosis?

Answer 4

Immovable joint (e.g., sutures of the skull).

Question 5

What is an amphiarthrosis?

Answer 5

Slightly movable joint (e.g., pubic symphysis).

Question 6

Define diarthrosis.

Answer 6

Freely movable joint (e.g., shoulder, hip).

Question 7

What is a suture?

Answer 7

Immovable joint between bones of the skull.

Question 8

What is a gomphosis?

Answer 8

Fibrous joint between teeth and their sockets.

Question 9

Define syndesmosis.

Answer 9

Bones connected by ligaments, allowing slight movement (e.g., between tibia and fibula).

Question 10

What is a synchondrosis?

Answer 10

Cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage, usually immovable (e.g., epiphyseal plates in children).

Question 11

What is a symphysis?

Answer 11

Cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilage, slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

Question 12

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage covering bone surfaces in synovial joints to reduce friction.

Question 13

What is the joint (synovial) cavity?

Answer 13

Space filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.

Question 14

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 14

Lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and absorbs shock.

Question 15

What is a joint capsule?

Answer 15

Fibrous capsule surrounding a synovial joint.

Question 16

What do ligaments do?

Answer 16

Connect bone to bone, providing stability.

Question 17

What is the function of a tendon?

Answer 17

Connects muscle to bone.

Question 18

What is a bursa?

Answer 18

Fluid-filled sac reducing friction between tendons and bones.

Question 19

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 19

Elongated bursa wrapping around a tendon to reduce friction.

Question 20

What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?

Answer 20

Multiaxial, allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).

Question 21

Define a hinge joint.

Answer 21

Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).

Question 22

What is the function of a pivot joint?

Answer 22

Uniaxial, allows rotational movement (e.g., atlas and axis in the neck).

Question 23

Define a saddle joint.

Answer 23

Biaxial, allows movement in two planes (e.g., thumb joint).

Question 24

What is a plane (gliding) joint?

Answer 24

Flat surfaces allow limited sliding movement (e.g., carpals of the wrist).

Question 25

What is a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint?

Answer 25

Biaxial, allows movement in two directions (e.g., wrist, knuckles).

Question 26

What is flexion?

Answer 26

Decreasing the angle of a joint (e.g., bending the elbow).

Question 27

What is extension?

Answer 27

Increasing the angle of a joint (e.g., straightening the knee).

Question 28

What does hyperextension refer to?

Answer 28

Extension beyond the normal range of motion.

Question 29

What is abduction?

Answer 29

Moving a limb away from the midline (e.g., raising arm sideways).

Question 30

What is adduction?

Answer 30

Moving a limb toward the midline.

Question 31

Define circumduction.

Answer 31

Circular movement of a limb (e.g., rotating the arm in a circle).

Question 32

What is rotation?

Answer 32

Turning a bone around its axis (e.g., turning the head side to side).

Question 33

What is supination?

Answer 33

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up.

Question 34

What is pronation?

Answer 34

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down.

Question 35

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 35

Lifting the toes toward the shin.

Question 36

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 36

Pointing the toes downward.

Question 37

What does inversion mean?

Answer 37

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Question 38

What is eversion?

Answer 38

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Question 39

What is protraction?

Answer 39

Moving a body part forward (e.g., jutting the jaw).

Question 40

What is retraction?

Answer 40

Moving a body part backward.

Question 41

What does elevation refer to?

Answer 41

Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders).

Question 42

What is depression in terms of joint movement?

Answer 42

Lowering a body part.

Question 43

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 43

Degenerative joint disease due to wear and tear on cartilage.

Question 44

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 44

Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation.

Question 45

What is gout?

Answer 45

Arthritis caused by uric acid buildup in joints.

Question 46

What is bursitis?

Answer 46

Inflammation of a bursa.

Question 47

What is tendonitis?

Answer 47

Inflammation of a tendon.

Question 48

What is a dislocation?

Answer 48

Joint comes out of alignment.

Question 49

What is a sprain?

Answer 49

Ligament injury due to stretching or tearing.