chapter 9, joints Flashcards
What is a fibrous joint?
Joints held together by collagen fibers; little to no movement (e.g., sutures in the skull).
Define a cartilaginous joint.
Joints connected by cartilage; slight movement (e.g., intervertebral discs).
What characterizes a synovial joint?
Freely movable joints surrounded by a fluid-filled cavity (e.g., knee, shoulder).
What is a synarthrosis?
Immovable joint (e.g., sutures of the skull).
What is an amphiarthrosis?
Slightly movable joint (e.g., pubic symphysis).
Define diarthrosis.
Freely movable joint (e.g., shoulder, hip).
What is a suture?
Immovable joint between bones of the skull.
What is a gomphosis?
Fibrous joint between teeth and their sockets.
Define syndesmosis.
Bones connected by ligaments, allowing slight movement (e.g., between tibia and fibula).
What is a synchondrosis?
Cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage, usually immovable (e.g., epiphyseal plates in children).
What is a symphysis?
Cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilage, slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).
What is articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage covering bone surfaces in synovial joints to reduce friction.
What is the joint (synovial) cavity?
Space filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.
What is synovial fluid?
Lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and absorbs shock.
What is a joint capsule?
Fibrous capsule surrounding a synovial joint.
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone, providing stability.
What is the function of a tendon?
Connects muscle to bone.
What is a bursa?
Fluid-filled sac reducing friction between tendons and bones.
What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated bursa wrapping around a tendon to reduce friction.
What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?
Multiaxial, allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
Define a hinge joint.
Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).
What is the function of a pivot joint?
Uniaxial, allows rotational movement (e.g., atlas and axis in the neck).
Define a saddle joint.
Biaxial, allows movement in two planes (e.g., thumb joint).
What is a plane (gliding) joint?
Flat surfaces allow limited sliding movement (e.g., carpals of the wrist).
What is a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint?
Biaxial, allows movement in two directions (e.g., wrist, knuckles).
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle of a joint (e.g., bending the elbow).
What is extension?
Increasing the angle of a joint (e.g., straightening the knee).
What does hyperextension refer to?
Extension beyond the normal range of motion.
What is abduction?
Moving a limb away from the midline (e.g., raising arm sideways).
What is adduction?
Moving a limb toward the midline.
Define circumduction.
Circular movement of a limb (e.g., rotating the arm in a circle).
What is rotation?
Turning a bone around its axis (e.g., turning the head side to side).
What is supination?
Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up.
What is pronation?
Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down.
What is dorsiflexion?
Lifting the toes toward the shin.
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the toes downward.
What does inversion mean?
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
What is eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot outward.
What is protraction?
Moving a body part forward (e.g., jutting the jaw).
What is retraction?
Moving a body part backward.
What does elevation refer to?
Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders).
What is depression in terms of joint movement?
Lowering a body part.
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease due to wear and tear on cartilage.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation.
What is gout?
Arthritis caused by uric acid buildup in joints.
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa.
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of a tendon.
What is a dislocation?
Joint comes out of alignment.
What is a sprain?
Ligament injury due to stretching or tearing.
