chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of body structure.
What is Physiology?
The study of body function.
Define Homeostasis.
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is Negative feedback?
A response mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point.
What is Positive feedback?
A response mechanism that amplifies a change.
What does the chemical level of organization include?
Atoms & molecules (e.g., proteins, DNA).
What is the cellular level of organization?
The basic unit of life (e.g., muscle cells, neurons).
What characterizes the tissue level of organization?
Groups of similar cells performing a function (e.g., muscle tissue).
What is the organ level of organization?
Two or more tissues working together (e.g., heart, lungs).
Define the organ system level of organization.
Multiple organs working together (e.g., digestive system).
What is the organismal level?
The complete living being.
What does the integumentary system include?
Skin, hair, nails.
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Support, movement, blood cell production.
What is the muscular system comprised of?
Skeletal muscles.
What are the main components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
What is the role of the endocrine system?
Hormone-producing glands regulating metabolism and growth.
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Circulation, oxygen transport.
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Immune defense, fluid balance.
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
Gas exchange, oxygen intake.
What are the main functions of the digestive system?
Nutrient absorption, waste elimination.
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, bladder.
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring.
Define anatomical position.
Body upright, facing forward, palms facing forward.
What does ‘superior’ mean in anatomical terminology?
Toward the head.
What does ‘inferior’ refer to?
Away from the head.
What does ‘anterior’ mean?
Toward the front.
What is the meaning of ‘posterior’?
Toward the back.
What does ‘medial’ indicate?
Toward the midline.
What does ‘lateral’ mean?
Away from the midline.
What does ‘proximal’ refer to?
Closer to the point of attachment.
What does ‘distal’ mean?
Farther from the point of attachment.
What does ‘superficial’ indicate?
Closer to the surface.
What does ‘deep’ mean in anatomical terms?
Farther from the surface.
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides body into left and right.
What does the midsagittal plane do?
Divides body into equal left and right halves.
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
Divides body into front and back.
What does the transverse (horizontal) plane do?
Divides body into top and bottom.
What does the dorsal cavity include?
Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
What does the ventral cavity consist of?
Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, reproductive organs).
What are serous membranes?
Reduce friction between organs.
What is the parietal layer?
Lines cavity walls.
What is the visceral layer?
Covers organs.
What does the pericardium surround?
Heart.
What does the pleura surround?
Lungs.
What does the peritoneum surround?
Abdominal organs.
What is a receptor (sensor) in a feedback system?
Detects change.
What is the control center in a feedback system?
Processes information (e.g., brain).
What is the effector’s role in a feedback system?
Responds to change (e.g., muscles, glands).
Provide an example of negative feedback.
Body temperature regulation (sweating or shivering).
Provide an example of positive feedback.
Labor contractions (oxytocin release).
