chapter 6, integumentary sys Flashcards
What is the outer layer of the skin called?
Epidermis – Outer layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the inner layer of the skin called?
Dermis – Inner layer of the skin, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
What is the layer beneath the dermis called?
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue) – Layer beneath the dermis, consisting of adipose and connective tissue.
What are the most abundant epidermal cells?
Keratinocytes – The most abundant epidermal cells, responsible for producing keratin.
What do melanocytes produce?
Melanocytes – Cells in the stratum basale that produce melanin, which determines skin color.
What are dendritic (Langerhans) cells?
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells – Immune cells in the epidermis that help detect pathogens.
What are tactile (Merkel) cells?
Tactile (Merkel) cells – Sensory receptors for touch.
What are stem cells in the epidermis?
Stem cells – Undifferentiated cells in the stratum basale that produce new keratinocytes.
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale – Deepest layer, where new skin cells are generated.
What characterizes the stratum spinosum?
Stratum spinosum – Several layers of keratinocytes, connected by desmosomes.
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
Stratum granulosum – Layer where keratinocytes begin to die and release waterproofing substances.
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
Stratum lucidum – Thin, transparent layer found only in thick skin (palms, soles).
What is the outer layer of dead cells called?
Stratum corneum – Outer layer of dead keratinized cells, providing a tough, protective barrier.
What pigment is responsible for skin color?
Melanin – Pigment produced by melanocytes, responsible for skin color.
What is eumelanin?
Eumelanin – Dark brown/black pigment.
What is pheomelanin?
Pheomelanin – Reddish-yellow pigment.
What is carotene?
Carotene – Yellow-orange pigment found in some foods that can influence skin tone.
What role does hemoglobin play in skin color?
Hemoglobin – Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells that contributes to skin color.
What is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation – Regulation of body temperature via sweat glands and blood flow.
What is the protective function of the skin?
Protection – Barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and water loss.
What sensory functions does the skin have?
Sensation – Nerve endings in the skin detect touch, temperature, and pain.
How does the skin contribute to vitamin D synthesis?
Vitamin D Synthesis – Skin helps produce vitamin D when exposed to UV light.
What is erythema?
Erythema – Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow.
What is cyanosis?
Cyanosis – Bluish tint due to lack of oxygen in the blood.
What causes jaundice?
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin caused by liver dysfunction.
What is pallor?
Pallor – Pale skin due to reduced blood flow or anemia.
What is albinism?
Albinism – Genetic condition causing a lack of melanin production.
What do sebaceous glands produce?
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands – Produce sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair.
What is the function of sudoriferous glands?
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands – Produce sweat for thermoregulation.
What are eccrine glands?
Eccrine (Merocrine) Glands – Most common, found all over the body, secrete watery sweat.
Where are apocrine glands found?
Apocrine Glands – Found in armpits and groin, secrete thicker sweat that can produce odor.
What do ceruminous glands produce?
Ceruminous Glands – Found in the ear canal, produce earwax (cerumen).
What are mammary glands?
Mammary Glands – Modified sweat glands that produce milk.
What is hair made of?
Hair (Pilus) – Made of keratinized cells, grows from hair follicles.
What is a hair follicle?
Hair follicle – Structure that houses the hair root and is connected to sebaceous glands.
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
Arrector pili muscle – Tiny muscle that causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).
What are nails?
Nails – Hard keratinized structures that protect the fingers and toes.
What is regeneration in wound healing?
Regeneration – Healing process where damaged tissue is replaced with the same type of cells.
What is fibrosis?
Fibrosis – Healing process where scar tissue forms instead of original tissue.
What characterizes a first-degree burn?
First-degree burn – Affects only the epidermis (redness, pain, no blisters).
What characterizes a second-degree burn?
Second-degree burn – Affects the epidermis and part of the dermis (blisters, pain).
What characterizes a third-degree burn?
Third-degree burn – Affects the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes deeper tissue (may not be painful due to nerve damage).
What is the Rule of Nines?
Rule of Nines – Method to estimate body surface area affected by burns.
