chapter 6, integumentary sys

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

Answer 2

Epidermis – Outer layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 3

What is the inner layer of the skin called?

Answer 3

Dermis – Inner layer of the skin, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings.

Question 4

What is the layer beneath the dermis called?

Answer 4

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue) – Layer beneath the dermis, consisting of adipose and connective tissue.

Question 5

What are the most abundant epidermal cells?

Answer 5

Keratinocytes – The most abundant epidermal cells, responsible for producing keratin.

Question 6

What do melanocytes produce?

Answer 6

Melanocytes – Cells in the stratum basale that produce melanin, which determines skin color.

Question 7

What are dendritic (Langerhans) cells?

Answer 7

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells – Immune cells in the epidermis that help detect pathogens.

Question 8

What are tactile (Merkel) cells?

Answer 8

Tactile (Merkel) cells – Sensory receptors for touch.

Question 9

What are stem cells in the epidermis?

Answer 9

Stem cells – Undifferentiated cells in the stratum basale that produce new keratinocytes.

Question 10

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Answer 10

Stratum basale – Deepest layer, where new skin cells are generated.

Question 11

What characterizes the stratum spinosum?

Answer 11

Stratum spinosum – Several layers of keratinocytes, connected by desmosomes.

Question 12

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 12

Stratum granulosum – Layer where keratinocytes begin to die and release waterproofing substances.

Question 13

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

Answer 13

Stratum lucidum – Thin, transparent layer found only in thick skin (palms, soles).

Question 14

What is the outer layer of dead cells called?

Answer 14

Stratum corneum – Outer layer of dead keratinized cells, providing a tough, protective barrier.

Question 15

What pigment is responsible for skin color?

Answer 15

Melanin – Pigment produced by melanocytes, responsible for skin color.

Question 16

What is eumelanin?

Answer 16

Eumelanin – Dark brown/black pigment.

Question 17

What is pheomelanin?

Answer 17

Pheomelanin – Reddish-yellow pigment.

Question 18

What is carotene?

Answer 18

Carotene – Yellow-orange pigment found in some foods that can influence skin tone.

Question 19

What role does hemoglobin play in skin color?

Answer 19

Hemoglobin – Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells that contributes to skin color.

Question 20

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 20

Thermoregulation – Regulation of body temperature via sweat glands and blood flow.

Question 21

What is the protective function of the skin?

Answer 21

Protection – Barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and water loss.

Question 22

What sensory functions does the skin have?

Answer 22

Sensation – Nerve endings in the skin detect touch, temperature, and pain.

Question 23

How does the skin contribute to vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 23

Vitamin D Synthesis – Skin helps produce vitamin D when exposed to UV light.

Question 24

What is erythema?

Answer 24

Erythema – Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow.

Question 25

What is cyanosis?

Answer 25

Cyanosis – Bluish tint due to lack of oxygen in the blood.

Question 26

What causes jaundice?

Answer 26

Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin caused by liver dysfunction.

Question 27

What is pallor?

Answer 27

Pallor – Pale skin due to reduced blood flow or anemia.

Question 28

What is albinism?

Answer 28

Albinism – Genetic condition causing a lack of melanin production.

Question 29

What do sebaceous glands produce?

Answer 29

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands – Produce sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair.

Question 30

What is the function of sudoriferous glands?

Answer 30

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands – Produce sweat for thermoregulation.

Question 31

What are eccrine glands?

Answer 31

Eccrine (Merocrine) Glands – Most common, found all over the body, secrete watery sweat.

Question 32

Where are apocrine glands found?

Answer 32

Apocrine Glands – Found in armpits and groin, secrete thicker sweat that can produce odor.

Question 33

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Answer 33

Ceruminous Glands – Found in the ear canal, produce earwax (cerumen).

Question 34

What are mammary glands?

Answer 34

Mammary Glands – Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

Question 35

What is hair made of?

Answer 35

Hair (Pilus) – Made of keratinized cells, grows from hair follicles.

Question 36

What is a hair follicle?

Answer 36

Hair follicle – Structure that houses the hair root and is connected to sebaceous glands.

Question 37

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Answer 37

Arrector pili muscle – Tiny muscle that causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).

Question 38

What are nails?

Answer 38

Nails – Hard keratinized structures that protect the fingers and toes.

Question 39

What is regeneration in wound healing?

Answer 39

Regeneration – Healing process where damaged tissue is replaced with the same type of cells.

Question 40

What is fibrosis?

Answer 40

Fibrosis – Healing process where scar tissue forms instead of original tissue.

Question 41

What characterizes a first-degree burn?

Answer 41

First-degree burn – Affects only the epidermis (redness, pain, no blisters).

Question 42

What characterizes a second-degree burn?

Answer 42

Second-degree burn – Affects the epidermis and part of the dermis (blisters, pain).

Question 43

What characterizes a third-degree burn?

Answer 43

Third-degree burn – Affects the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes deeper tissue (may not be painful due to nerve damage).

Question 44

What is the Rule of Nines?

Answer 44

Rule of Nines – Method to estimate body surface area affected by burns.