chapter 7, bone tissue Flashcards
What is osseous tissue?
Bone tissue, a connective tissue with a hardened matrix.
What is compact (cortical) bone?
Dense outer layer of bone that provides strength.
What is spongy (cancellous) bone?
Porous inner layer of bone that reduces weight.
What is the periosteum?
Outer fibrous layer of bone, important for growth and repair.
What is the endosteum?
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow space within bones that contains bone marrow.
What are the epiphyses?
Ends of a long bone, containing spongy bone and red marrow.
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of a long bone, composed mostly of compact bone.
What is articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at joints.
What are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells that produce bone matrix.
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.
What are osteoclasts?
Bone-destroying cells that break down bone tissue.
What role do collagen fibers play in bone?
Provide flexibility and tensile strength.
What is hydroxyapatite?
Mineral component (calcium phosphate) that hardens bones.
What are lamellae?
Concentric rings of bone matrix in compact bone.
What are lacunae?
Small cavities where osteocytes are located.
What are canaliculi?
Tiny canals that connect osteocytes for nutrient exchange.
What is endochondral ossification?
Process in which cartilage is replaced by bone.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Direct bone formation from mesenchymal tissue (e.g., skull bones).
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Area of cartilage that allows bone to lengthen.
What is ossification (osteogenesis)?
The process of bone formation.
What is bone remodeling?
Ongoing process of bone resorption and deposition.
What are long bones?
Longer than they are wide (e.g., femur, humerus).
What are short bones?
Equal in length and width (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
What are flat bones?
Thin, flat, and often curved (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).
What are irregular bones?
Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae, sphenoid bone).
What are sesamoid bones?
Small, round bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones.
What does the skull include?
Cranial and facial bones.
What are the cranial bones?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
What are the facial bones?
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Zygomatic
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Vomer
- Palatine
- Inferior nasal conchae
What is the hyoid bone?
U-shaped bone in the neck, does not articulate with other bones.
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
- Cervical: 7
- Thoracic: 12
- Lumbar: 5
- Sacrum: 1
- Coccyx: 1
What does the thoracic cage include?
Ribs (12 pairs), sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones.
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
- Clavicle (collarbone)
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
What bones are in the upper limbs?
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
- Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
What bones are in the lower limbs?
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
What is a synarthrosis joint?
Immovable joints (e.g., sutures of the skull).
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
Slightly movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs).
What is a diarthrosis joint?
Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder).
What are synovial joints?
Fluid-filled joints allowing movement (e.g., hinge, ball-and-socket).
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of bone mass leading to fractures.
What is rickets?
Soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency.
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones in adults due to poor mineralization.
What is a greenstick fracture?
Partial fracture, common in children.
What is a comminuted fracture?
Bone shatters into multiple fragments.
What is a compound (open) fracture?
Bone breaks and pierces the skin.
What is a simple (closed) fracture?
Bone breaks but does not pierce the skin.
