chapter 8, skeletal system: bone joints Flashcards
What is a synarthrosis joint?
Immovable joints (e.g., skull sutures)
Synarthrosis joints do not allow movement.
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
Slightly movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs)
Amphiarthrosis joints allow limited movement.
What is a diarthrosis joint?
Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder)
Diarthrosis joints allow a wide range of motion.
What characterizes fibrous joints?
Bones joined by dense connective tissue; little to no movement
Fibrous joints include sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
What are sutures?
Immovable joints in the skull
Sutures are a type of fibrous joint.
What are gomphoses?
Joint where teeth fit into their sockets
Gomphoses are specialized fibrous joints.
What are syndesmoses?
Bones connected by ligaments (e.g., tibia and fibula)
Syndesmoses allow for some movement.
What defines cartilaginous joints?
Bones joined by cartilage; limited movement
Cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses.
What are synchondroses?
Bones united by hyaline cartilage (e.g., rib-sternum connection)
Synchondroses are a type of cartilaginous joint.
What are symphyses?
Bones united by fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
Symphyses allow for limited movement.
What are synovial joints?
Joints with a fluid-filled cavity, allowing free movement
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint.
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces
Articular cartilage helps reduce friction in synovial joints.
What is synovial fluid?
Lubricates the joint, reducing friction
Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane.
What is the joint (articular) capsule?
Encloses the joint cavity, composed of fibrous layer and synovial membrane
The capsule helps stabilize the joint.
What is the fibrous layer of the joint capsule?
Outer dense connective tissue
It provides structural support to the joint.
What is the synovial membrane?
Produces synovial fluid
The synovial membrane lines the joint capsule.
What are ligaments?
Connect bones and stabilize joints
Ligaments are crucial for joint stability.
What are tendons?
Connect muscle to bone, aiding movement
Tendons play a key role in joint function.
What are bursae?
Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction
Bursae are found in areas where friction occurs.
What are menisci (articular discs)?
Fibrocartilage pads that stabilize joints (e.g., knee)
Menisci help distribute weight and absorb shock.
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
Multiaxial movement (e.g., shoulder, hip)
Ball-and-socket joints allow for a wide range of motion.
What is a hinge joint?
Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow, knee)
Hinge joints allow flexion and extension.
What is a pivot joint?
Rotational movement (e.g., atlas and axis vertebrae)
Pivot joints enable rotation around an axis.
What is a saddle joint?
Allows movement in two planes (e.g., thumb joint)
Saddle joints provide greater mobility than hinge joints.
What is a plane (gliding) joint?
Sliding motion (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones)
Plane joints allow bones to glide past each other.
What is a condylar (ellipsoid) joint?
Biaxial movement (e.g., wrist)
Condylar joints allow movement in two directions.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between bones (e.g., bending elbow)
Flexion is the opposite of extension.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between bones (e.g., straightening knee)
Extension returns the body part to its original position.
What is hyperextension?
Extension beyond normal range
Hyperextension can lead to injury.
What is abduction?
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Abduction is the opposite of adduction.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb toward the body’s midline
Adduction decreases the angle between the limb and the midline.
What is circumduction?
Circular motion (e.g., arm circles)
Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
What is rotation?
Bone turns around its axis (e.g., shaking head ‘no’)
Rotation can be internal or external.
What is supination?
Palm facing upward
Supination occurs in the forearm.
What is pronation?
Palm facing downward
Pronation is the opposite of supination.
What is dorsiflexion?
Lifting toes upward
Dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle.
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing toes downward
Plantar flexion also occurs at the ankle.
What is inversion?
Turning sole of foot inward
Inversion is common in ankle movements.
What is eversion?
Turning sole of foot outward
Eversion is the opposite of inversion.
What is protraction?
Moving a body part forward (e.g., jutting jaw)
Protraction is a movement in the anterior direction.
What is retraction?
Moving a body part backward
Retraction is the opposite of protraction.
What is elevation?
Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders)
Elevation involves moving a body part superiorly.
What is depression?
Lowering a body part
Depression is the opposite of elevation.
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of joints
Arthritis can affect joint function and mobility.
What is osteoarthritis (OA)?
Wear-and-tear degeneration of joints
OA is the most common form of arthritis.
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Autoimmune attack on joint tissues
RA can lead to joint deformities and chronic pain.
What is gouty arthritis (Gout)?
Uric acid crystal buildup in joints
Gout often affects the big toe and causes severe pain.
What is a sprain?
Ligament stretch or tear
Sprains can cause swelling and pain.
What is a dislocation (Luxation)?
Bone forced out of joint alignment
Dislocations require medical attention to realign the bones.
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendonitis can result from repetitive motion or overuse.
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis can cause pain and swelling in affected joints.
