chapter 5, human tissues Flashcards
What is Histology?
The study of tissues.
Define Tissue.
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
What does Extracellular Matrix (ECM) refer to?
Non-cellular components surrounding cells, including fibers and ground substance.
What is Ground Substance?
Gel-like material that fills spaces between cells and fibers.
What is the Basement Membrane?
A thin layer of connective tissue supporting epithelial tissue.
Define Stem Cells.
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various tissue types.
What does Differentiation mean?
The process by which cells become specialized.
List the four primary tissue types.
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
What is Epithelium?
A layer of cells covering body surfaces or lining cavities.
What is Simple Epithelium?
One layer of cells.
What is Stratified Epithelium?
Multiple layers of cells.
Define Squamous Cells.
Flat, thin cells.
Define Cuboidal Cells.
Cube-shaped cells.
Define Columnar Cells.
Tall, column-like cells.
What is Pseudostratified Epithelium?
Appears layered but is actually a single layer. Often has cilia.
Where is Transitional Epithelium?
Found in the urinary bladder; stretches and changes shape.
What are Goblet Cells?
Mucus-secreting cells found in some epithelial tissues.
What is Connective Tissue Proper?
Loose and dense connective tissues.
What are the components of Loose Connective Tissue?
- Areolar tissue
- Adipose (fat) tissue
- Reticular tissue
What are the components of Dense Connective Tissue?
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
- Elastic tissue
What are Collagen Fibers?
Strong, thick fibers providing structural support.
What are Elastic Fibers?
Fibers that allow tissues to stretch and recoil.
What are Reticular Fibers?
Thin fibers forming a supportive network in organs.
What are Fibroblasts?
Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.
What are Macrophages?
Immune cells that engulf debris and pathogens.
What are Mast Cells?
Cells that release histamine and play a role in inflammation.
What are Adipocytes?
Fat-storing cells.
What is Cartilage?
A flexible connective tissue.
List the types of Cartilage.
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Where is Hyaline Cartilage?
Found in joints and the ribcage.
Where is Elastic Cartilage?
Found in the ear.
Where is Fibrocartilage?
Found in intervertebral discs.
What are Chondrocytes?
Cells found in cartilage.
What is Bone (Osseous Tissue)?
A hard connective tissue.
What are Osteocytes?
Mature bone cells.
What is Blood?
A fluid connective tissue.
What is Plasma?
The liquid part of blood.
What are Erythrocytes?
Red blood cells (RBCs).
What are Leukocytes?
White blood cells (WBCs).
What are Platelets (Thrombocytes)?
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
What is Skeletal Muscle?
Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones.
What is Cardiac Muscle?
Involuntary, striated muscle found in the heart.
What is Smooth Muscle?
Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in internal organs.
What are Intercalated Discs?
Specialized junctions between cardiac muscle cells. Helps heart beat as a unit
What are Striations?
Stripes found in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
What are Neurons?
Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals.
What are Neuroglia (Glial Cells)?
Supportive cells in the nervous system.
What are Dendrites?
Branch-like structures that receive signals.
What is an Axon?
The long projection that transmits electrical signals.
What is a Synapse?
The junction between two neurons.
What is Hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number.
What is Hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size.
What is Atrophy?
Shrinkage of tissue due to disuse or aging.
What is Necrosis?
Accidental cell death due to injury.
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What is Regeneration?
Replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells.
What is Fibrosis?
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue (collagen).
