chapter 2, basic chem Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define an element.

A

A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom (e.g., oxygen, carbon).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a proton?

A

Positively charged subatomic particle, found in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a neutron?

A

Neutral subatomic particle, found in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an electron?

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle, orbits the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What defines an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions (e.g., NaCl).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define a covalent bond.

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms (e.g., H₂O).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Equal sharing of electrons (e.g., O₂).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What characterizes a polar covalent bond?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges (e.g., H₂O).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom (e.g., in water molecules, DNA structure).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Van der Waals forces?

A

Weak, temporary interactions between molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cohesion in relation to water?

A

Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define adhesion.

A

Water molecules stick to other surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The cohesive forces at the surface of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that dissolves other substances (e.g., water is the universal solvent).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water-loving substances (dissolve in water, e.g., salt, sugar).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water-fearing substances (do not dissolve in water, e.g., fats, oils).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration (0-14).

20
Q

What is an acid?

A

pH below 7; high H⁺ concentration (e.g., stomach acid).

21
Q

Define a base (alkaline).

A

pH above 7; low H⁺ concentration (e.g., ammonia).

22
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

pH of 7 (e.g., pure water).

23
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that resists changes in pH (e.g., bicarbonate in blood).

24
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy; made of monosaccharides (e.g., glucose).

25
Define monosaccharide.
Simple sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose).
26
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
27
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
28
What are lipids?
Store energy, make up cell membranes, and provide insulation.
29
What are fatty acids?
Building blocks of lipids.
30
What are triglycerides?
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (e.g., fats, oils).
31
What are phospholipids?
Make up cell membranes (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail).
32
What are steroids?
Lipids with a four-ring structure (e.g., cholesterol, hormones).
33
What are proteins?
Perform cellular functions; made of amino acids.
34
Define amino acids.
Building blocks of proteins.
35
What is a peptide bond?
Bond between amino acids.
36
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
37
What is denaturation?
Loss of protein shape due to heat or pH change.
38
What are nucleic acids?
Store genetic information (DNA & RNA).
39
What is DNA?
Stores genetic instructions.
40
What is RNA?
Helps make proteins.
41
Define nucleotide.
Building block of nucleic acids (sugar, phosphate, base).
42
What is ATP?
The main energy carrier in cells.
43
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions in the body.
44
Define anabolism.
Building up molecules (e.g., protein synthesis).
45
What is catabolism?
Breaking down molecules (e.g., digestion).