Chapter 9 - Interviews, Focus Groups, and Observational Research Flashcards

1
Q

____ Position leads to _____, which leads to ______ approach.

A

Ontological positions leads to Epistemological position which leads to methodological approach.
Objectivism - positivism - quantitative
constructivism - interpretivism - qualitative

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2
Q

4 Key Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative

A

(Non-)Numerical
Variables operationalized prior to research v themes determined after research
mathematical v conceptual data analysis
Data presented in graphs v words

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3
Q

5 Types of Questions that are good for interviews

A

Exploratory Research (grasp variables and build theory)
Process information (how does public admin work)
Explanatory information (how does this work)
Contextual information
Additional contacts and materials (snowball sampling)

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4
Q

4 Preparations for an Interview

A

Contextual understanding
Interview framework with probes
Question ordering
Question wording

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5
Q

4 Things Focus Groups are Good For / Questions they’re good at answering

A

Depth
Complexity
Group Dynamics
Efficiency (multiple subjects instead of one at a time)

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6
Q

7 Preparations for Focus Group Research

A
Contextual information
Structural Framework 
Clarify Goals
Identify characteristics of participants
Ensure skilled focus group leader
Determine number of groups needed
Put like-minded people together
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7
Q

Purposive and Snowball Sampling are best for…

A

Elites
Small n studies
Small number of representative cases (most typical)
Non-representative cases (most extreme)

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8
Q

4 Ways to Verify Information with Qualitative Research

A

Interviewer effect
Social desirability
Memory
Salience (how important is this issue to the person)

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9
Q

When choosing between interview or focus group, consider:

A

Population of study
Sensitivity of information
Individual knowledge vs. group co-production of knowledge
Logistics/feasibility

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10
Q

Observation Research (Definition, pros, and AKA)

A

Observing and recording actual behaviour
No interview bias or social desirability
AKA Ethnography ir field research

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11
Q

Two Types of Observation Research

A
  1. Obtrusive
    - overt presence of research is irregular. Everyone knows who each other are and it’s abnormal.
  2. Unobtrusive
    - non-participant: might not declare presence
    - participant: actually becoming part of the community. This can be (c)overt.
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12
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

When subjects under observation alter their behaviour in the presence of a researcher

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13
Q

Five Considerations for Qualitative Research Ethics

A
Informed consent
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality (focus groups?)
Deception
Risk to participants, researchers, others?
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14
Q

3 Different Approaches to Q v Q

A

theory testing v addressing questions
large v small n
deductive v inductive

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