Chapter 9; Intelligence Flashcards
Sir Francis Galton’s theory of intelligence
intelligence is a by product of sensory capacity
intelligence test
diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence
intelligence has 2 components:
1. general intelligence: hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
2. specific abilities: particular ability level in a narrow domain
components of general intelligence (g)
working memory, fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning
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working memory
the ability to hold a lot of information at one time
fluid reasoning
our ability to learn about new things, ex. solve a new problem
knowledge/ crystallized intelligence
the knowledge we have about the world gained through our lives
quantitative reasoning
understanding about numbers
visual-spatial reasoning
being able to understand how things move in space
Binet/Simon’s theory of intelligence
higher mental processes including reasoning, understanding, and judgement make up most intelligence tests
multiple intelligences
abstract thinking
Binet/simon; the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
multiple intelligences
Binet/Simon; idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
Robert Steinburg’s triarchic model of intelligence
intelligence has 3 components:
analytical intelligence: book smarts, academic problem solving, aligned with g
practical intelligence: the ability to solve real-world problems (common sense/street smarts); social intelligence/tacit intelligence
creative intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem solving
PAC
Howard Gardener’s model of intelligence
propsed 8/9 different types of intelligences; people have different strength and weaknesses
1. linguistic: ability to speak and write well
2. logico-mathematical: use logic and mathematics to solve problems
3. spatial: ability to thinl/reason about objects in 3D space
4. musical: ability to perform, understand, and enjoy music
5, bodily-kinesthetic: ability to manipulate the body in physical endeavors
6. interpersonal: understand and interact effectively with others
7. intrapersonal: understand and posses insight into the self
8. naturalistic: ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals/plants
9. exsistential: the ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas
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what is intelligence related to
efficiency or speed of information processing
dohble curse of incompetence
people with poor cognitive skills are more likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities
metacognition
knowledge of our own knowledge
stereotype threat
when we fear that we may confirm a negative stereotype about the group we belong to
stanford-binet IQ test
intellignece test based on measures developed by Binet, adapted by Lewis Termon of Stanford university. Involves testing
1.vocabulary and memory for pictures
2. naming familiar objects
3. repeating sentences and following commands
aptitude tests
predict how good you will be at something in the future
achievement tests
measures things you’ve already learned in the past
norms
baselines scores in the general population from which we can compare individual scores (Turman)
intelligence quotient definition and formula
systematic means of quantifying differences among people and their intelligence; formula: divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
what is the concept of a mental age and why is it problematic
the age corresponding to the average persons performance on an intelligence test, problematic because when we hit 16 our performance on IQ tests doesn’t really improve so everyone would just be getting dumber
deviation IQ
expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers
Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most commonly used IQ test, test for 4 subcategories other than overall IQ score, each subcategory has its own subtests:
verbal comprehension: vocabulary, information, similarities, (how is blank like blank)
working memory: how we take in info and manipulate it (arithmetic, digit span tests)
perceptual reasoning: tests how well you can figure out the reltionships between things (block design, matrix reasoning, visual patterns)
processing speed: how quickly someone takes in new info (symbol searching, coding)
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what is the matrix reasoning subtest and what subcategory does it test for?
shown a series of patterns and asked to identify what comes next, tests for perceptual reasoning
culture-fair IQ tests
Raven’s progressive matrices; pick out the final geometrical pattern in a sequence
SAT/GRE
math, reading, writing; low coreelations with scores and future grade unless restriction of range is removed, correlated with high IQs
what do IQ tests have
high test-retest reliability
IQ tests for very young children asses what?
sensory abilities (Galtoon/Cattell)
IQ tests for older children/adults test for what?
abstract reasoning (Binet/Simon)
what can predict later IQs of infants
speed of habituation
validity
the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
concurrent validity
ability to compare/relate outcomes measured at about the same time the test is administered
criterion/predictive validity
a test’s capacity to predict future outcomes
threshold effect
above a certain level of IQ intelligence is no longer predictive of real-world accomplishments
how are IQ score distributed
in a bell-curve: the bulk of the scores fall towards the middle with progressively fewer scores to the tails/extremes
assortative mating
the tendency of people with similar genes to have children (results in low IQs)
intellectual disability
condition characterised by:
1. onset prior to adulthood
2. IQ bellow 70
3. inability to engage in adequate daily functioning (basic life skills) and gullibility
what are the 4 categories of intellectual disability
mild (educable), moderate (trainable), severe, and profound, 85% of diabled people fall into the mild category
what are the 2 most common genetic conditions associated with intellectual disability?
fragile X syndrome (mutation on the X chromosome) and down syndrome (extra copy of chromosome 21)
how is IQ studied
family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies
what is the divide between nature and nurture in determining IQ?
40-70% genetic(nature), 30-60% environment (nuture)
when is heritability of IQ low
for people at or below the poverty line
What is the Flynn effect and what are the possible explanation
finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade;
1. Increased test sophistication
2. Increased complexity of the modern world (technology)
3. better nutrition
4. smaller families
what are the environmental factors that contribute to IQ?
nutrition and toxins
cumulative deficit
prolonged malnutrition can cause lower IQs
expectancy effect
biased expectations could affect reality(self fulfilling prophecy)
how is creativity measured
using tests of divergent and convergent thinking
divergent thinking
the ability to come up with multiple solutions to a problem
convergent thinking
the ability to select the best solution
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to understand our emotions and the emotions of others and apply that information to our everyday lives. Consists of sub-components; handling pressure/stress, controlling emotions, recognising emotions in others, adapting emotions to diverse situations
measures of emotional intelligence asses what personality trairs?
extroversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience
prosocial behaviors
selflesness
interpersonally deviant behaviours
selfishness
what is necessary for success in some domains
curiosity and grit
what are the 2 elements of grit
perseverance and motivation/passion
what is grit similar to
conscientiousness
wisdom
application of intelligence toward a common good
what 3 interests do wise people have learned to have balance between?
corncern about oneself(self interest), concern about others, and concerns about broader society
what is wisdom marked by
awareness of our biases and cognitive fallibilities
