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Pyschology 105 > Chapter 9; Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9; Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Sir Francis Galton’s theory of intelligence

A

intelligence is a by product of sensory capacity

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2
Q

intelligence test

A

diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

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3
Q

Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence

A

intelligence has 2 components:
1. general intelligence: hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
2. specific abilities: particular ability level in a narrow domain

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4
Q

components of general intelligence (g)

A

working memory, fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning
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5
Q

working memory

A

the ability to hold a lot of information at one time

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6
Q

fluid reasoning

A

our ability to learn about new things, ex. solve a new problem

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7
Q

knowledge/ crystallized intelligence

A

the knowledge we have about the world gained through our lives

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8
Q

quantitative reasoning

A

understanding about numbers

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9
Q

visual-spatial reasoning

A

being able to understand how things move in space

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10
Q

Binet/Simon’s theory of intelligence

A

higher mental processes including reasoning, understanding, and judgement make up most intelligence tests
multiple intelligences

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11
Q

abstract thinking

A

Binet/simon; the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

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12
Q

multiple intelligences

A

Binet/Simon; idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

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13
Q

Robert Steinburg’s triarchic model of intelligence

A

intelligence has 3 components:
analytical intelligence: book smarts, academic problem solving, aligned with g
practical intelligence: the ability to solve real-world problems (common sense/street smarts); social intelligence/tacit intelligence
creative intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem solving
PAC

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14
Q

Howard Gardener’s model of intelligence

A

propsed 8/9 different types of intelligences; people have different strength and weaknesses
1. linguistic: ability to speak and write well
2. logico-mathematical: use logic and mathematics to solve problems
3. spatial: ability to thinl/reason about objects in 3D space
4. musical: ability to perform, understand, and enjoy music
5, bodily-kinesthetic: ability to manipulate the body in physical endeavors
6. interpersonal: understand and interact effectively with others
7. intrapersonal: understand and posses insight into the self
8. naturalistic: ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals/plants
9. exsistential: the ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas
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15
Q

what is intelligence related to

A

efficiency or speed of information processing

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16
Q

dohble curse of incompetence

A

people with poor cognitive skills are more likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities

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17
Q

metacognition

A

knowledge of our own knowledge

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18
Q

stereotype threat

A

when we fear that we may confirm a negative stereotype about the group we belong to

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19
Q

stanford-binet IQ test

A

intellignece test based on measures developed by Binet, adapted by Lewis Termon of Stanford university. Involves testing
1.vocabulary and memory for pictures
2. naming familiar objects
3. repeating sentences and following commands

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20
Q

aptitude tests

A

predict how good you will be at something in the future

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21
Q

achievement tests

A

measures things you’ve already learned in the past

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22
Q

norms

A

baselines scores in the general population from which we can compare individual scores (Turman)

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23
Q

intelligence quotient definition and formula

A

systematic means of quantifying differences among people and their intelligence; formula: divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100

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24
Q

what is the concept of a mental age and why is it problematic

A

the age corresponding to the average persons performance on an intelligence test, problematic because when we hit 16 our performance on IQ tests doesn’t really improve so everyone would just be getting dumber

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25
Q

deviation IQ

A

expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers

26
Q

Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

most commonly used IQ test, test for 4 subcategories other than overall IQ score, each subcategory has its own subtests:
verbal comprehension: vocabulary, information, similarities, (how is blank like blank)
working memory: how we take in info and manipulate it (arithmetic, digit span tests)
perceptual reasoning: tests how well you can figure out the reltionships between things (block design, matrix reasoning, visual patterns)
processing speed: how quickly someone takes in new info (symbol searching, coding)
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27
Q

what is the matrix reasoning subtest and what subcategory does it test for?

A

shown a series of patterns and asked to identify what comes next, tests for perceptual reasoning

28
Q

culture-fair IQ tests

A

Raven’s progressive matrices; pick out the final geometrical pattern in a sequence

29
Q

SAT/GRE

A

math, reading, writing; low coreelations with scores and future grade unless restriction of range is removed, correlated with high IQs

30
Q

what do IQ tests have

A

high test-retest reliability

31
Q

IQ tests for very young children asses what?

A

sensory abilities (Galtoon/Cattell)

32
Q

IQ tests for older children/adults test for what?

A

abstract reasoning (Binet/Simon)

33
Q

what can predict later IQs of infants

A

speed of habituation

34
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure

35
Q

concurrent validity

A

ability to compare/relate outcomes measured at about the same time the test is administered

36
Q

criterion/predictive validity

A

a test’s capacity to predict future outcomes

37
Q

threshold effect

A

above a certain level of IQ intelligence is no longer predictive of real-world accomplishments

38
Q

how are IQ score distributed

A

in a bell-curve: the bulk of the scores fall towards the middle with progressively fewer scores to the tails/extremes

39
Q

assortative mating

A

the tendency of people with similar genes to have children (results in low IQs)

40
Q

intellectual disability

A

condition characterised by:
1. onset prior to adulthood
2. IQ bellow 70
3. inability to engage in adequate daily functioning (basic life skills) and gullibility

41
Q

what are the 4 categories of intellectual disability

A

mild (educable), moderate (trainable), severe, and profound, 85% of diabled people fall into the mild category

42
Q

what are the 2 most common genetic conditions associated with intellectual disability?

A

fragile X syndrome (mutation on the X chromosome) and down syndrome (extra copy of chromosome 21)

43
Q

how is IQ studied

A

family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies

44
Q

what is the divide between nature and nurture in determining IQ?

A

40-70% genetic(nature), 30-60% environment (nuture)

45
Q

when is heritability of IQ low

A

for people at or below the poverty line

46
Q

What is the Flynn effect and what are the possible explanation

A

finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade;
1. Increased test sophistication
2. Increased complexity of the modern world (technology)
3. better nutrition
4. smaller families

47
Q

what are the environmental factors that contribute to IQ?

A

nutrition and toxins

48
Q

cumulative deficit

A

prolonged malnutrition can cause lower IQs

49
Q

expectancy effect

A

biased expectations could affect reality(self fulfilling prophecy)

50
Q

how is creativity measured

A

using tests of divergent and convergent thinking

51
Q

divergent thinking

A

the ability to come up with multiple solutions to a problem

52
Q

convergent thinking

A

the ability to select the best solution

53
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to understand our emotions and the emotions of others and apply that information to our everyday lives. Consists of sub-components; handling pressure/stress, controlling emotions, recognising emotions in others, adapting emotions to diverse situations

54
Q

measures of emotional intelligence asses what personality trairs?

A

extroversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience

55
Q

prosocial behaviors

A

selflesness

56
Q

interpersonally deviant behaviours

A

selfishness

57
Q

what is necessary for success in some domains

A

curiosity and grit

58
Q

what are the 2 elements of grit

A

perseverance and motivation/passion

59
Q

what is grit similar to

A

conscientiousness

60
Q

wisdom

A

application of intelligence toward a common good

61
Q

what 3 interests do wise people have learned to have balance between?

A

corncern about oneself(self interest), concern about others, and concerns about broader society

62
Q

what is wisdom marked by

A

awareness of our biases and cognitive fallibilities

Pyschology 105 (5 decks)

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