Chapter 15; Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Criteria for mental disorders

Answer 1

1. statistically rare
2. subjective distress
3. Impairment
4. Biological dysfunction

Question 2

Middle Ages; the demonic model

Answer 2

odd behaviour was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
treatment: exorcisms

Question 3

Renaissance; the medical model

Answer 3

Mental illness is caused by a physical disorder requiring medical treatment and people were put in asylums
treatment: bloodletting, frightening by being tossed in a pit of snakes

Question 4

1950s; Modern era of psychiatric treatment

Answer 4

introduction of chlorpromazine/ Thorazine

Question 5

deinstitutionalization

Answer 5

government policy in the 60s/70s focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients and closing mental hospitals

Question 6

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM

Answer 6

set of diagnostic criteria/decision-making rules,ex.duration of symptoms, number of symptoms present
makes sure symptoms aren’t a result of a medical condition

Question 7

Criticisms of DSM

Answer 7

overmedicalization of normal behaviour; makes normal human experiences seem disordered
categorical model (either present or absent)

Question 8

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 8

continual feeling of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

Question 9

Panic disorder

Answer 9

repeated an unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in attempt to avoid them

Question 10

Phobia

Answer 10

an intense fear of an object/situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

Question 11

agorophobia

Answer 11

a fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of panic attack

Question 12

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 12

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least 1 hr/ day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

Question 13

obsession

Answer 13

intrusive ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing distress

Question 14

compulsions

Answer 14

repetitive behaviours or mental acts undertaken to reduce or prevent distress or relieve shame and guilt

Question 15

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 15

at least 1 depressive episode (depression, loss of interest, insomnia, change in appetite) lasting for at least 2 weeks, typically lasting 6 months - 1 year, average 5 -6 episodes in a lifetime
less severe version is dysthymia

Question 16

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 16

at least 1 manic episode (elevated mood recklessness) lasting 1 weeks, symptoms include pressured speech
most heritable disorder

Question 17

Interpersonal Model; Depression as a social disorder

Answer 17

depression creates interpersonal problems
rejection causes depression but depression also causes rejection

Question 18

Behavioural Model; depression as a loss of reinforcement

Answer 18

depression results from a low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement, ei. when people with depression try different things and receive no payoff causing them to give up

Question 19

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 19

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control, intense fear of abandonment

Question 20

psychopathic personality

Answer 20

condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking

Question 21

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 21

characterized by the presence of 2+ distinct personality states that markedly disrupt the persons usual sense of identity

Question 22

DID controversy

Answer 22

research suggests alters may be a result of influences from the media and/or therapists, ei. sociocognitive model

Question 23

sociocognitve model of DID

Answer 23

peoples expectancies and beliefs shaped by certain psychotherapeutic procedures and cultural influences account for the origins and maintenance of DID

Question 24

schizophrenia and what it is associated with

Answer 24

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
associated with hypofrontality and enlarged ventricles, and dopamine receptor abnormalities
strong genetic component

Question 25

pyschosocial factors that influence schizophrenia

Answer 25

expressed emotion, family member over involvement and criticism = increased risk of relapse

Question 26

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 26

symptoms that appear in ill patients and aren’t present in healthy people, include:
delusions: strongly held, fixed beliefs that aren’t based in reality
hallucinations: sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
disorganized speech: peculiar language
catatonic symptoms: motor problems, extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestion, holding the body in bizarre positions
echolalia: phrase repetion

Question 27

negative symptoms

Answer 27

decrease/loss of normal functions, includes:
flat affect- without emotional expression
catatonia- abnormal movements or immobility(zombie like)

Question 28

diathesis-stress model of mental illness(schizophrenia)

Answer 28

explains why some people develop disorders and others don’t; stressors trigger a pre-existing genetic vulnerability (diathesis)

Question 29

Austism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 29

DSM-5 category that include autistic disorder and Asperger’s, marked by severe deficits in language, social bonding, imaginations, and accompanied by intellectual impairment

Question 30

symptoms of ASD-5

Answer 30

social impairments and repetive or restrictive behaviours

Question 31

why do people think vaccines cause autism?

Answer 31

illusory correlation, vaccines are given at the same time as symptoms of autism start to appear