Chapter 14; Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that influences how a person lives

Question 2

shared environments

Answer 2

experiences that make family members more alike

Question 3

non-shared environment

Answer 3

experiences that make family members less alike

Question 4

what have twin studies told us about personality?

Answer 4

it has a strong heritable factor, and non-shared environments contribute more to personality than shared environment factors

Question 5

radical behaviourism

Answer 5

personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classcial and operant conditioning
personality doesn’t cause behaviours, it consists of behaviours
personality is under control of the influence of genetic factors and reinforcers/punishments

Question 6

social learning theory

Answer 6

personality is caused by how we think about and interpret our environment
personality is also shaped by observational learning: watching and imitating behaviours

Question 7

self-actualization

Answer 7

humanistic model of personality; the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent, self actualized people are creative, spontaneous, and confident

Question 8

what are conditions of worth and how do they arise

Answer 8

a component of our personalities and what differences in personality stem from; the expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, arises from childhood when others make their acceptance of us conditional/dependent

Question 9

what are the big 5 personalities?

Answer 9

1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extroversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Question 10

what is a lexical approach

Answer 10

approach that proposes that the the most crucial features of human personality are embedded in our language, ei. we would talk about them alot

Question 11

structured personality test

Answer 11

paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways, ex. Likert scale, NEO-PI-R, Myers-Briggs test

Question 12

projective tests

Answer 12

consists of ambigious stimuli the examinees must interpret/make sense of, ex. Rorschac inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test

Question 13

P.T. Barnum effect

Answer 13

the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate, ex horoscopes

Question 14

Id

Answer 14

basic primal instincts that operate at the unconscious level, pleasure principle: immediate gratification, sex drive, aggression drive

Question 15

Superego

Answer 15

preconscious level, internal sense of what is right and wrong (morals), our conscience

Question 16

Ego

Answer 16

conscious level, mediator between Id and Superego, takes into account our impulses and need and our morals, reality principle: delayed gratification

Question 17

defence mechanisms

Answer 17

unconscious maneovers intended to minimize anxiety, done by the ego to change our perceptions of a threat