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Psychology 105 > Chapter 9 - Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Early intelligence definition
(Boeings definition)

A

Intelligence is whatever intelligence measures
-anything and everything is intelligence

Problem: everything is intelligence

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2
Q

Galton’s theory

A

Prominent scientist
-people with better senses = more intelligent
-research showed that different sensory capacities were weakly correlated to each other (vision is weakly correlated to hearing)
-so how could senses be correlated to intelligence if they are not correlated to each other

-disproved over time by researchers

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3
Q

Binet and Simons theory

A

-government asked to created the first intelligence test, to determine who is smart and who isn’t to give more education and schooling to those that need

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4
Q

Higher order processes

A

Reasoning, understanding and judgment

-reason abstractly
-learn to adapt
-acquire knowledge
-benefit from experience

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5
Q

Intelligence is related to

A

The ability to think in the abstract

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6
Q

Spearman

A

Interested in people who get one item correct, will get another item correct
-what is the relationship between the test questions

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7
Q

Spearman’s theory

A

Intelligence was general —> account for overall differences in intellect among people

-if I do well on one test question, i will do better on others —> overall/general
-believed people had more powerful brains than other people = more G

-controversial
-is culturally based

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8
Q

Spearman’s theory: specific skills

A

A specific type of intelligence based off on a job
-someone with a high G could still perform poorly on a S

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9
Q

Cattell and Horns model

A

Model of newly learned tasks
-crystallized : accumulated knowledge of the worlds acquired over time, lasting knowledge, related to openness and experiences —> specific skill set
-fluid intelligence: capacity to learn new ways of solving problems, declines with age

-fluid intelligence flows into crystallized intelligence over time

-supports idea of g and s

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10
Q

Gardeners multiple intelligences

A

-G doesn’t explain all intelligence factors, only one component
-came up with eight different types of intelligence
-different interpretations should have different types of intelligence

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11
Q

Linguistic verbal

A

Intelligence based on how well we speak and write

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12
Q

Visual spatial

A
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13
Q

Musical

A
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14
Q

Kinaesthetic

A

Manipulate bodies in physical activities

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15
Q

Interpersonal and intrapersonal

A

Inter- interact with others

Intra- insight about self

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16
Q

Naturalistic

A

Recognize and understand animals, plants

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17
Q

Logical mathematical

A
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18
Q

Sternbergs triarchic model

A

Analytical, practical and creative
-under represented in these tests
-three components of intelligence
-these three are not neccesarily independant of each other

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19
Q

Practical

A

Street smarts

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20
Q

Analytical

A

Book smarts

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21
Q

Creative

A

Creativity

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22
Q

Biological intelligence based

A

-brain volume is positively correlated to intelligence at a .4 level (low moderate correlation) to volume, density of the brain

-higher verbal skills correlated to intelligence

-third variable issue: culture, education

-speed of processing (higher = intelligence tests better due to banked time)

-working memory efficiency

-where in the brain there are more activation (prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe)

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23
Q

Family studies

A

particular trait present in all family that lives together
-trait runs through

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24
Q

Galton family studies

A

Found that relatives that are closely related to people who are known to be highly intelligent were also fairly intelligent
-is this environment or genetics

-concluded intelligence must be genetic (senses come from genetics)
-failed to consider: families share environment as well as genetics

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25
Twin studies IQ
IQ correlates more strongly with identical twins = more genetic -genetics is not the ONLY thing/that is causes things -doesn’t help with environment
26
Adoption studies
People who are living in different environments -closely resemble adopted parents or biological parents
27
Adoption studies IQ
Intelligence is most similar to biological parents, strong contribution from genetics -environment still plays a role (children removed from deprives (little stimulation) to enriched show improvement in IQ scores
28
Enriched stimulation in children
Increase IQ test scores -daycare facilities
29
Perception and intelligence
The way we perceive intelligence affects our intelligence -mindset (growth or fixed)
30
Expectation effects
The idea of what we expect will influence -creates intelligence Randomly assigned a title of higher intelligence, and students labeled as “bloomers” progressively had higher scores (based off teachers knowledge and their expectation of those students)
31
Environment of learning: school
Schooling influences intelligence -people who are educated have more neural connections -difficult to determine although if it boosted intelligence, or just presented more opportunities
32
Research supporting connection of schooling and higher intelligence
Pre school vs kindergarten -children who went through both boosted intelligence Children’s IQ drops in the summer, because they are not actively learning
33
Increase in intelligence = boost in intelligence ?
Research shows an increase of IQ in program, but after program it decreases back to baseline if not sustained -be in school consistently over time
34
Birth order and intelligence
Later born children tend to have lower IQ -assumption: parents of lower IQ have more children —> less intelligent along the way -may appear but cannot be confirmed
35
Flynn effect
How IQ changes overtime in the population -steady increase of average IQ
36
What is contributed to Flynn Effect
-As time progresses, individuals get used to taking tests -learn how to study for a test -complexity of modern world—> internet -increase of higher education
37
Dweck
Suggested perception of intelligence influence intelligence
38
When studying group differences it is important to be as
Objective as possible
39
Sex differences in IQ
Men have a slightly higher IQ than women -men are more variable (more at high and low) -women are more consistent in range
40
Women tent to do better than men in
-verbal tasks (hormone component-estrogen, fluctuates with menstural cycle) -arithmetic calculation (only difference is found in childhood -> early intervention, opportunity—> stops at grade two) -detecting and recognizing feelings (adulthood) (facial expressions, traditional role of care taker -> environmental)
41
Meant tend to do better than women in
-spatial abilities (rotation tasks) -geography (relies on spatial abilities) -complicated mathematics
42
Infants spatial abilities
Show no difference in ability
43
All racial differences in intelligence is linked to
Environmental differences
44
Variability within races are larger than
Variability between races
45
IQ differences among races
May be narrowing over recent decades
46
When we place individuals on an even playing field with comparable environmental opportunities the difference
Between racial groups largely disappear and we see small differences among individuals
47
Within group heritability does not imply
Between group heritability
48
Within group
Extent to which a trait is heritable within groups
49
Between groups
Extent to which a trait is heritable between groups
50
Genetics are an ____ factor
Individual -they do not describe a group
51
IQ test bias
IQ test predicts achievement equally well among groups -bias causes differences -opportunity affects intelligence
52
Stereotype threat
The fear we confirm a negative stereotype being applied to us
53
Stereotype threat of IQ
Can impact the way we perform on tests due to anxiety about the stereotype of our intelligence -will enhance factor of intelligence being genetic rather than environmental
54
IQ=
(Mental age/ chronological age) X 100
55
Mental age
Lead to the development of the IQ or intelligent quotient -corresponds to average individual performance -where do you fall in the norms-> comparison of results
56
Flaw of IQ calculations
Mental age levels off after 16 years -start getting worse because comparative group doesn’t change
57
Eugenics movement
Effort to improve populations genetic stock by encouraging people with good genes to reproduce and discouraging people with bad genes from reproducing
58
Sterilization laws for low IQ people ended in
1972
59
Deviation IQ
What IQ tests rely on today
60
Most commonly used IQ test for adults is
Wechsler adult intelligence scale
61
IQ 100
Average or typical for your age group
62
Fifteen subsets give five scores
-overall IQ -verbal comprehension -perceptual reasoning -working memory -processing speed
63
Verbal comprehension
-similarities -vocabulary -information
64
Perceptual reasoning
-block desig -matrix reasoning -visual puzzles
65
Working memory
-digit span -arithmetic
66
Processing speed
-symbol search -coding
67
Culture fair IQ tests
Consist of abstract reasoning items that don’t depend on language -ravens progressive matrices
68
Intellectual disability
Onset of childhood low IQ (below 70) -1% -mild, moderate, severe, profound
69
The more severe the intellectual disability the less
Likely it is to run in families
70
Most common intellectual disability
Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome
71
ADA and CHRC
Greatly impacted loves of those with disabilities
72
Mental giftedness
Refers to the top 2% of IQ scores -certain professions (doctor, lawyer, engineers, professors) -genetics is greater factor
73
Termans Termites showed that
Prodigies do not burn out or have higher rates of mental illness -prodigies don’t stop being prodigies
74
Creativity is measured by
Using tests of divergent thinking or outside the box -uses of object test
75
Creativity also need to be good at
Convergent thinking, finding the single best answer to a problem
76
Is creativity associated with IQ?
Mildly -link between creativity and bipolar disorder -inc quantity of work but not quality
77
Best predictor of quality of work is
Quantity of work
78
Emotional intelligence
The ability to understand our own and others emotions then apply that information -doesn’t differ much from personality -does not predict job performance

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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