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Psychology 105 > Chapter 13 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how people influence others behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

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2
Q

People tend to believe

A

That other people are vulnerable to social influence, but that we are not

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3
Q

Humans are __ beings, with

A

-social
-strong biological need to belong

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4
Q

Brians are developed in order too

A

Predispose us to forming intimate interpersonal networks

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5
Q

Social influence processes serve us well most of the time, but

A

They can occainsionally backfire

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6
Q

Social comparisons

A

Evaluate our attitudes and beliefs by comparing with others
-upwards and downwards

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7
Q

Social contagion

A

Look to others when situation is ambiguous
-urban legends, mass hysteria

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8
Q

The fundamental tribulation error

A

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate influences on others behaviour

*The attributions you give yourself for success, is different than other people. More positive about yourself, than other people

Example: calling someone else who is driving bad an idiot

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9
Q

Tend to view someone as individualistic

A

Make more errors

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10
Q

View people as collectivist

A

Less often making errors

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11
Q

Belief

A

A conclusion regarding factual evidence

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12
Q

Attitudes

A

A belief with an emotional component

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13
Q

Attitudes don’t always predict

A

Behaviour
-politics

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14
Q

Attitudes can predict behaviours when

A

Attitudes are firmly held and stable over time

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15
Q

Recognition

A

We’re more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times
-things are more familiar
-choose sports team you know

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16
Q

Personality

A

Our attitudes are associated with our personality traits

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17
Q

Risk of recognition

A

Bandwagon fallacy

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18
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

We alter attitudes bc we experience an unpleasant state of tension, between two or more conflicting thoughts

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19
Q

Cognition A vs Cognition B (cognitive dissonance theory)

A

I’m an honest person vs i cheated on my psychology exam

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20
Q

Results of cognitive dissonance theory (examples) A, B, C

A

Change A= im not an honest person after all
Change B= I didn’t really cheat, it was an accident
Generate cognition C, that reconciles A/B= I had to do it, the test was unfair

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21
Q

Alternative to cognitive dissonance

A

Dissonance is not the reason for shifting attitudes but rather threats to our self concept are the reason

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22
Q

Self perception theory

A

Attitudes are acquired form observing our behaviours

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23
Q

Impression management theory

A

We don’t actually change our attidues but we say we have, to avoid seeming inconsistent
-blm post—> what other people think of you

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24
Q

Central route vs peripheral route
(Dual process models)

A

More time processing, and analyzing
-longer lasting

Low effort, rule of thumb, emotons
-shorter lasting

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25
Foot in the door
Asking someone to volunteer 1x a week and eventually getting them to volunteer 5x -small request before bigger request
26
Door in the face
Start out large, then come down (seem more reasonable) -ask for 100 bucks, then ask for 10
27
Low ball
Getting someone to agree to something small, then mentioning all the add ons after -buying a car, then all the extra things you could get
28
But you are free
Getting others to agree with you based on the illusion of choice -convince themselves they made the choice rather than being pressured
29
Characteristics of messenger
-attractiveness is more persuasive, adds to credibility (halo effect)
30
Attractiveness of messenger e
Adds to credibility, trust and halo effect
31
Similarity of messenger
More similar, more trusting
32
Implicit egotism effect
We’re more positively disposed toward people, places or things that resemble us
33
Persuasion tactics
-vivid testimonials (celebs) -scarcity (more likely to run and get it) -consensus (think other people think similarity)
34
Conformity
Changing behaviour to fit in with others -dominant group -peer pressure, adolescence
35
Who are prone to conformity
People with low self esteem -higher want to be liked Highlights individual differences in conformity
36
Cultural differences in conformity
Asians are more collectivist, and conform more, compared to Americans who are more individual
37
Asch line studies
Using actors to play a role, (1:7) asking participants about an optical illusion, but actors go first and give incorrect answer, then the real person is asked after all actors give same incorrect answer -most people give incorrect answer just to go along with the group -high amount of stress
38
Unanimity
Difference in wrong answer
39
Deindividuation
Refers to peoples tendency to lose their awareness and restraint when in groups -lack of personal responsibility -online users and mob mentalities
40
Asch study magic number
Fivec
41
Stanford prison study
-personality tests of men, then “randomly” selected prison or guard (was actually prechosen based off personality), prisoners were arrested in homes then forced into basement of school, guards went overboard (humiliation, dehumanizing) prisoners developed depression, anxiety and other things, ended in six days
42
Stanford prison study shows
When someone plays in expectations of a role, then others start to accept that role -role playing leads to conformity
43
Group think
Phenomenon where people tend to confirm with group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to errors in decision making -want to feel liked by group
44
Conformity is either based off of wanting to
Be liked or be right
45
Longer groups stay together
Longer they start to feel like their right -even if initially they didn’t
46
Extreme versions of group think
Cults
47
Overestimating the groups might and right
-an illusion of invulnerability -unquestioned belief in groups morality
48
Close mindedness
-rationalization -stereotyped view of opponent
49
Pressures toward uniformity
-conformity -self censorship -illusion of unamity -mindguards
50
Mindguards
Protecting from outside influence -putting a bias in place
51
Illusion of unamitity
Group first > individual
52
Obedience
Listening to authority figures -essential -allows for functional society
53
Obedience as a problematic
War crimes: questionable orders, extreme cases of murder -doesn’t allow for individual critical thinking
54
Milligrams study of obedience
-participant is teacher -teacher asks questions of learner, and if learner gets it wrong the teacher shocks them, -interested in: what makes soldiers obey -urged to continue after wanting to stop administering shocks, only 62% completed test
55
Why did people keep going: milligrams
-proximity of authority figure (legitimate) -couldn’t see the person being “shocked”
56
Story of kitty genovese
Woman was stabbed, attacker came back and repetitively attacked her three times -many neighbours admitted to hearing screams but did not investigate or call 911
57
Bystander nonintervention effect
Bystanders doing nothing
58
Greater number of people present =
Less probability to help the person -less responsibility -is this situation really an emergency
59
Pluralistic ignorance
Prevents people from perceiving as an emergency -is this situation really an emergency
60
Diffusion of responsibility
If there are more people present, there is less responsibility each person feels
61
Enlightenment effect
Learning about psychology can change real world behaviours -knowing about a bias, makes it less likely to happen
62
Social loafing
people slack off and decrease effort when working in a group
63
What helps social loafing
Deadlines, giving grades based on participation, and discussing about social loafing
64
Altruism
Helping others for unselfish reasons
65
Characteristics/situation influences of altruism
-cannot escape a situation -in a good mood (happy people = helpful) -exposure to good role models -more spare time (less distractions)
66
Likely hood of helping is increased by
-personality traits -gender differences
67
Personality traits that inc likelihood of helping
-less concerned about social approval and traditional -extroverted -life saving skills/competencies
68
Gender likelihood (men) of helping
Men: more likely to help in physical and social risk, help women (especially if they’re attractive) more than other men
69
Situational influences of aggression
-interpersonal provocation -frustration, arousal -alcohol, drugs, temperature, media -aggressive cues
70
Aggression
Intention to hurt you -verbal, physical, social
71
Frustration
Feeling when our goals are being blocked —> leads to aggression
72
Media and violence
Increases, due to observational learning
73
Personality traits of aggression
-irritability or impulsivity -mistrust -lack of closeness to others
74
Temperament
Innate, genetic predisposition to others -degree you label what you feel as anger -high temperament = higher aggression
75
Gender differences of aggression
Male: usually direct aggression, hitting or bullying (happening to you right now) Females: indirect aggression in a relational form, social consequences (rumours, gossip)
76
Stereotype can result in
Ultimate attribution error -attribute negative behaviour of some group entirely based off on stereotype
77
Prejudice
Attitude or belief we hold against a group of people
78
Prejudice vs discrimination
Attitude vs behaviour
79
In group bias vs out group homogeneity effect
I- we favour those within our group compared to those without O- tendency to view people outside of our group as all the same
80
Discrimination
Action or behaviour that comes with prejudice
81
Can prejudice occur without discrimination?
Yes
82
Scapegoat hypothesis
Arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
83
Just world hypothesis
Implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if not -get what you deserve, and you deserve what you get
84
Explicit prejudice vs implicit prejudice
E- feelings were aware of I- unaware of certain feelings
85
What is the test that shows individuals implicit prejudice
The implicit association test
86
Superordinate goals
Goals in which two groups must work together to achieve a goal (creates one group) -combats prejudice

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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