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Psychology 105 > Chapter 13 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how people influence others behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

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2
Q

People tend to believe

A

That other people are vulnerable to social influence, but that we are not

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3
Q

Humans are __ beings, with

A

-social
-strong biological need to belong

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4
Q

Brians are developed in order too

A

Predispose us to forming intimate interpersonal networks

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5
Q

Social influence processes serve us well most of the time, but

A

They can occainsionally backfire

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6
Q

Social comparisons

A

Evaluate our attitudes and beliefs by comparing with others
-upwards and downwards

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7
Q

Social contagion

A

Look to others when situation is ambiguous
-urban legends, mass hysteria

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8
Q

The fundamental tribulation error

A

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate influences on others behaviour

*The attributions you give yourself for success, is different than other people. More positive about yourself, than other people

Example: calling someone else who is driving bad an idiot

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9
Q

Tend to view someone as individualistic

A

Make more errors

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10
Q

View people as collectivist

A

Less often making errors

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11
Q

Belief

A

A conclusion regarding factual evidence

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12
Q

Attitudes

A

A belief with an emotional component

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13
Q

Attitudes don’t always predict

A

Behaviour
-politics

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14
Q

Attitudes can predict behaviours when

A

Attitudes are firmly held and stable over time

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15
Q

Recognition

A

We’re more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times
-things are more familiar
-choose sports team you know

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16
Q

Personality

A

Our attitudes are associated with our personality traits

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17
Q

Risk of recognition

A

Bandwagon fallacy

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18
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

We alter attitudes bc we experience an unpleasant state of tension, between two or more conflicting thoughts

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19
Q

Cognition A vs Cognition B (cognitive dissonance theory)

A

I’m an honest person vs i cheated on my psychology exam

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20
Q

Results of cognitive dissonance theory (examples) A, B, C

A

Change A= im not an honest person after all
Change B= I didn’t really cheat, it was an accident
Generate cognition C, that reconciles A/B= I had to do it, the test was unfair

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21
Q

Alternative to cognitive dissonance

A

Dissonance is not the reason for shifting attitudes but rather threats to our self concept are the reason

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22
Q

Self perception theory

A

Attitudes are acquired form observing our behaviours

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23
Q

Impression management theory

A

We don’t actually change our attidues but we say we have, to avoid seeming inconsistent
-blm post—> what other people think of you

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24
Q

Central route vs peripheral route
(Dual process models)

A

More time processing, and analyzing
-longer lasting

Low effort, rule of thumb, emotons
-shorter lasting

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25
Q

Foot in the door

A

Asking someone to volunteer 1x a week and eventually getting them to volunteer 5x
-small request before bigger request

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26
Q

Door in the face

A

Start out large, then come down (seem more reasonable)
-ask for 100 bucks, then ask for 10

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27
Q

Low ball

A

Getting someone to agree to something small, then mentioning all the add ons after
-buying a car, then all the extra things you could get

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28
Q

But you are free

A

Getting others to agree with you based on the illusion of choice
-convince themselves they made the choice rather than being pressured

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29
Q

Characteristics of messenger

A

-attractiveness is more persuasive, adds to credibility (halo effect)

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30
Q

Attractiveness of messenger e

A

Adds to credibility, trust and halo effect

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31
Q

Similarity of messenger

A

More similar, more trusting

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32
Q

Implicit egotism effect

A

We’re more positively disposed toward people, places or things that resemble us

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33
Q

Persuasion tactics

A

-vivid testimonials (celebs)
-scarcity (more likely to run and get it)
-consensus (think other people think similarity)

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34
Q

Conformity

A

Changing behaviour to fit in with others
-dominant group

-peer pressure, adolescence

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35
Q

Who are prone to conformity

A

People with low self esteem
-higher want to be liked

Highlights individual differences in conformity

36
Q

Cultural differences in conformity

A

Asians are more collectivist, and conform more, compared to Americans who are more individual

37
Q

Asch line studies

A

Using actors to play a role, (1:7) asking participants about an optical illusion, but actors go first and give incorrect answer, then the real person is asked after all actors give same incorrect answer
-most people give incorrect answer just to go along with the group
-high amount of stress

38
Q

Unanimity

A

Difference in wrong answer

39
Q

Deindividuation

A

Refers to peoples tendency to lose their awareness and restraint when in groups
-lack of personal responsibility

-online users and mob mentalities

40
Q

Asch study magic number

A

Fivec

41
Q

Stanford prison study

A

-personality tests of men, then “randomly” selected prison or guard (was actually prechosen based off personality), prisoners were arrested in homes then forced into basement of school, guards went overboard (humiliation, dehumanizing) prisoners developed depression, anxiety and other things, ended in six days

42
Q

Stanford prison study shows

A

When someone plays in expectations of a role, then others start to accept that role
-role playing leads to conformity

43
Q

Group think

A

Phenomenon where people tend to confirm with group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to errors in decision making
-want to feel liked by group

44
Q

Conformity is either based off of wanting to

A

Be liked or be right

45
Q

Longer groups stay together

A

Longer they start to feel like their right
-even if initially they didn’t

46
Q

Extreme versions of group think

A

Cults

47
Q

Overestimating the groups might and right

A

-an illusion of invulnerability
-unquestioned belief in groups morality

48
Q

Close mindedness

A

-rationalization
-stereotyped view of opponent

49
Q

Pressures toward uniformity

A

-conformity
-self censorship
-illusion of unamity
-mindguards

50
Q

Mindguards

A

Protecting from outside influence
-putting a bias in place

51
Q

Illusion of unamitity

A

Group first > individual

52
Q

Obedience

A

Listening to authority figures
-essential
-allows for functional society

53
Q

Obedience as a problematic

A

War crimes: questionable orders, extreme cases of murder
-doesn’t allow for individual critical thinking

54
Q

Milligrams study of obedience

A

-participant is teacher
-teacher asks questions of learner, and if learner gets it wrong the teacher shocks them,
-interested in: what makes soldiers obey

-urged to continue after wanting to stop administering shocks, only 62% completed test

55
Q

Why did people keep going: milligrams

A

-proximity of authority figure (legitimate)
-couldn’t see the person being “shocked”

56
Q

Story of kitty genovese

A

Woman was stabbed, attacker came back and repetitively attacked her three times
-many neighbours admitted to hearing screams but did not investigate or call 911

57
Q

Bystander nonintervention effect

A

Bystanders doing nothing

58
Q

Greater number of people present =

A

Less probability to help the person
-less responsibility
-is this situation really an emergency

59
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

Prevents people from perceiving as an emergency
-is this situation really an emergency

60
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

If there are more people present, there is less responsibility each person feels

61
Q

Enlightenment effect

A

Learning about psychology can change real world behaviours
-knowing about a bias, makes it less likely to happen

62
Q

Social loafing

A

people slack off and decrease effort when working in a group

63
Q

What helps social loafing

A

Deadlines, giving grades based on participation, and discussing about social loafing

64
Q

Altruism

A

Helping others for unselfish reasons

65
Q

Characteristics/situation influences of altruism

A

-cannot escape a situation
-in a good mood (happy people = helpful)
-exposure to good role models
-more spare time (less distractions)

66
Q

Likely hood of helping is increased by

A

-personality traits
-gender differences

67
Q

Personality traits that inc likelihood of helping

A

-less concerned about social approval and traditional
-extroverted
-life saving skills/competencies

68
Q

Gender likelihood (men) of helping

A

Men: more likely to help in physical and social risk, help women (especially if they’re attractive) more than other men

69
Q

Situational influences of aggression

A

-interpersonal provocation
-frustration, arousal
-alcohol, drugs, temperature, media
-aggressive cues

70
Q

Aggression

A

Intention to hurt you
-verbal, physical, social

71
Q

Frustration

A

Feeling when our goals are being blocked —> leads to aggression

72
Q

Media and violence

A

Increases, due to observational learning

73
Q

Personality traits of aggression

A

-irritability or impulsivity
-mistrust
-lack of closeness to others

74
Q

Temperament

A

Innate, genetic predisposition to others
-degree you label what you feel as anger
-high temperament = higher aggression

75
Q

Gender differences of aggression

A

Male: usually direct aggression, hitting or bullying (happening to you right now)

Females: indirect aggression in a relational form, social consequences (rumours, gossip)

76
Q

Stereotype can result in

A

Ultimate attribution error
-attribute negative behaviour of some group entirely based off on stereotype

77
Q

Prejudice

A

Attitude or belief we hold against a group of people

78
Q

Prejudice vs discrimination

A

Attitude vs behaviour

79
Q

In group bias vs out group homogeneity effect

A

I- we favour those within our group compared to those without

O- tendency to view people outside of our group as all the same

80
Q

Discrimination

A

Action or behaviour that comes with prejudice

81
Q

Can prejudice occur without discrimination?

A

Yes

82
Q

Scapegoat hypothesis

A

Arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

83
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

Implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if not
-get what you deserve, and you deserve what you get

84
Q

Explicit prejudice vs implicit prejudice

A

E- feelings were aware of

I- unaware of certain feelings

85
Q

What is the test that shows individuals implicit prejudice

A

The implicit association test

86
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Goals in which two groups must work together to achieve a goal (creates one group)
-combats prejudice

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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