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Psychology 105 > Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Demonic model

A

Mental illness viewed as a being passed by a demon or the devil
-need to get evil out of your body

(476 to 1492)

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2
Q

Witches

A

Mental ill people
-devils mark (birth mark)

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3
Q

Treatment for mental illness in demonic model

A

Rituals or removal of demons
-drowning test (tied to heavy object, to see if they are a witch)

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4
Q

Medical model

A

1400 to 1900
-new way of thinking, renaissance period
-mental illness was linked to physical disorders

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5
Q

What was bad about medical model

A

Government crammed whoever was deemed mentally ill into an asylum
-human rights

Wealthy people would watch

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6
Q

Bloodletting

A

Medical model
-mental illness was related to having too much blood, so they would drain the blood out of their body (40%)

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7
Q

Scaring out the mental illness

A

Medical model
-throwing people into snakes
-placebo effect

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8
Q

Dix and pinel

A

Spoke out for human rights and better treatment for patients in asylums
-empathy, kindess

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9
Q

The modern era

A

1900 to present
-pharmaceutical drugs used to treat symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)

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10
Q

Chlopromazine

A

Allowed people to function day to day
-shut down asylums into society

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11
Q

Draw backs to shutting down asylums

A

Had no where to go, no money, no policies to look after them, no follow up care

-patients would stop taking the medications (no social support)

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12
Q

Culturally bound syndromes

A

-windigo
-koro
-saora

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13
Q

Saora disorder

A

Fits of inappropriate crying or laughing
-sensation of ants biting your body

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14
Q

Windigo

A

Fear of becoming a carnival or intense cravings of human flesh

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15
Q

Koro

A

Patients believe their gentitals are sucking into their body and disappearing
-social contagion

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16
Q

Social contagion can lead to

A

Mass hysteria

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17
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Spectrum, can be severe in some aspects and less in others

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18
Q

Asburgers

A
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19
Q

Autism

A

Diagnosed in early years
-language deficit, social bonding, imagination
-intellectual impairment

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20
Q

Autism symptoms

A

-social impairements
-repetitive or restrictive behaviours
-resistant to change
-highly specialized and limited interests

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21
Q

Autism comorbid

A

Can occur at the same time as other disorders
-giftedness, depression, ADHD

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22
Q

What was wrong with the anti-vaxx autism study

A

-extremely small sample size
-data was made up
-illusory correlation

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23
Q

Recent research of autism

A

Diagnosis increasing over time, due to expansion of symptoms in this spectrum
-positive as more children can be accommodated if they fall under the diagnosis

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24
Q

Diagnosis and autism

A

Better to be miss diagnosed early than never diagnosed

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25
Q

ADHD or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

3-7%
-over the top hyper and active children
-boys more often diagnosed 3.5:1

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26
Q

Issues with ADHD

A

Some children are labeled as ADHD in some cases where they just need basic parenting
-behavioural control
-there is an over diagnosis

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27
Q

Most cases of ADHD are influenced by..

A

Genetics

But-> smoking, drinking, illness, or toxins can also lead to ADHD

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28
Q

Symptoms of ADHD: inattentive

A

Easily distracted, unorganized, difficulty listening a

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29
Q

Symptoms of ADHD: hyperactive and impulsive

A

-difficulty sitting still
-rush through tasks
-make rash decisions

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30
Q

Early onset bipolar disorder

A

Can be diagnosed very early in childhood
-overdiagnosis of ADHD at expensive of bipolar

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31
Q

DMDD or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

New category to properly diagnosis children
-persistent irritability compared to episodic

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32
Q

DMDD

A

-chronic irritability
-depression and ADHD
-temper outburst

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33
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Transient and adaptive
-btu can become excessive and inappropriate

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34
Q

Psychological disorder fo anxiety creates

A

Physiological responses

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35
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

Thinking you have a serious disease and are going to die

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36
Q

Anxiety

A

Anytime you over think something
-very large category

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37
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tensions and irritability
-3%
-1/3 people develop after major life stressor

More prevalent females, Caucasian’s >

38
Q

Panic disorder

A

Repeated unexpected panic attacks
-persistent concerns about future panic attacks
-change in behaviour to avoid panic attack

39
Q

Phobias

A

Intense fear of an object or situation that is irrational
-most common 11%

40
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of people

41
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

Removed from general anxiety disorder —> trauma and stress related
-emotional disturbances after you experience or witness a severely stressful event
-flashbacks, reoccurring dreams, avoidance, somatic anxiety symptoms

42
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Obsessions that are unwanted and inappropriate caused by distress
-distress is alleviated by compulsions
-must spend 1 our of day engaging in obsessions

—> obsessive disorder

43
Q

Hoarding fits into what classification

A

Obsessive disorder

44
Q

Learning models and acquiring fears

A

Attain via classical conditions and then manning them via operant conditioning OR they can be witnessed and learned
-direct or indirect

45
Q

Chronic anxiety

A

Chronic anxiety can change the way you think
-catastrophic thinking —> predicting terrible events despite low probability (priming oneself to anxiety)

46
Q

Anxiety sensitivity

A

Some people are more sensitive to fear of anxiety
-may be genetic (due to neuroticism)

47
Q

Genetic influence in OCD

A

Malfunction of caudate nucleus

48
Q

Genetic relationship between what two disorders

A

OCD and Tourette’s

49
Q

Mood disorders (five)

A

Major depressive disorder, dysthymia (milder chronic MDD), cyclothymia (mild chronic bipolar), Bipolar 1 (mania not depression), bipolar 2 (depression and manic states)

50
Q

Percentages of mood disorders

A

North Americans 20%
-MDD 16% (more prevalent in females around 30s)

51
Q

Depression symptoms stats

A

Develop gradually or suddenly, but are often redcurrant

52
Q

Average episode lasts (MDD)

A

Six months, to 1 year

53
Q

Symptoms of MDD

A

-blue or irritable
-sleep difficulty and loss of energy
-weight change and thoughts of death/suicide

54
Q

Explanations for mood disorders

A

Interplay between biological and social influence
-life events

55
Q

Behavioural model and depression

A

Depression results from low rate of positive reinforcement in the environment

56
Q

Becks cognitive model

A

Depression is caused by negative belief and expectations

57
Q

Cognitive triad

A

Stuck in a cycle of negative schemas —> distorted thought patterns to fit those schemas

58
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

59
Q

Failure attribution in depression

A

Failure internally, but have global stable attributions

60
Q

Genes + MDD

A

Moderate influence: serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

61
Q

Bipolar disorder (common, affects)

A

Both depressive and manic episodes
-equally as common in men and women
-serious problems in occupational and social realms
-genetic> environmental (but still have effect, can be negative or positive events)

62
Q

Myth: talking to persons with depression about suicide often makes them more likely to carry out the act

A

Talking to persons with depression about suicide makes them more likely to obtain help

63
Q

Myth: suicide almost always occurs with no warning

A

Many or most individuals who die by suicide communicate their intent to others

64
Q

Myth: as a severe depression lifts, peoples suicide risk decreases

A

As severe depression lifts, suicide actually increases, due to more energetic to attempt the act

65
Q

Myth: most people who threaten suicide are seeking attention

A

Although attention seeking motvates some suicidal behaviours, most suicidal acts stem from depression and hopelessness

66
Q

Myth: people who talk a lot about suicide almost ever carry out the act

A

Talking about suicide is associated with a considerably greater risk of suicide

67
Q

Symptoms of bipolar

A

-elevated moods, lower need to sleep, inflated self esteem, talkativeness, irresponsible behaviours

68
Q

Bipolar 1 vs Bipolar 2

A

1: Experiencing depression, mania with possible psychosis (MORE MANIC)

2: milder symptoms, depression and normal moods, hypomania (milder) (MORE DEPRESSION)

69
Q

Personality disorders are diagnosed when?

A

personality trait appeared by adolescence, traits are inflexible/stable/general, when these traits lead to distress or impairment

70
Q

how many personality disorders are listen in the DSM-5

A

Ten

71
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Instability in mood, identity and impulse control
-many experience drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, overeating and self mutilation

-threaten to kill themselves to get what they want

72
Q

Kernberg theroy about BPD

A

Lack of emotional bonding in childhood
-can’t tell difference between perceptions
-related to parents

73
Q

Lineham theory about BPD

A

Sociobiological model (genetics)
-inherited tendency to overreact to stress
-lifelong difficulties regulating emotions

74
Q

Selby and joiners theory about BPD

A

Emotional cascade model
-intense rumination causing vicious cycle of acting out (self injury) and ruminating more

Rumination= cannot let go of a thought

75
Q

Psychopathic personality

A

Guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous and self cetnered
-not formally a psychology disorder
-person tend to be charming, personable and engaging

76
Q

Causes of psychopathic personality

A

Don’t really know
-have fear deficits (respond to fear with less arousal)
-under aroused (seeking out stimulus)
-not motivated to learn thru punishment

77
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
-depersonalize or outside of yourself
-derealize and feel like the world isn’t real

78
Q

Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue

A

DA: inability to recall personal information, cannot be explained by normal forgetting
Controversial
1. common in even very healthy individuals, may not be apart of dissociative disorders
2.some people may not be motivated to recall events that are traumatic
3.can be explained by other factors

DF: sudden unplanned travel away from home, accompanied by complete amnesia
Controversial
1.Brain injury, illness or disease/ avoiding a stressful situation

79
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Two or more distinct identities (alters)
-disrupt a persons usual identity
-not typical of you to act, appear to be a different person
-large range of alters
-physiologically we can tell the alters apart (they will be different)

80
Q

Post traumatic model of DID

A

Severe early trauma or abuse
-coping mechanism by creating different personalities
-the abuse happened to someone else

81
Q

Sociocognitive DID theory

A

Shaped by therapy and cultural influences
-caused by peoples expectations and beliefs

Evidence: once treatment is started the alters begin to increase

82
Q

Treatment usually causes what in DID

A

Increases number of alters seen

83
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Severe disorder of thought and emotion, loss of contact wiht reality
-strongly held fixed belief with no basis in reality (delusions)
-disorganized speech, echolia (mimic sound), catatonia (copy movements)

84
Q

Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive: delusions, hallucinations

Negative (lacking): monosyllables speech, affect, inability to feel pleasure

85
Q

Causes of schizophrenia

A

Highly genetically influenced
-brain abnormalities (large ventricles, inc suici size, hypofrontality or dec blood flow in frontal cortex)
-abnormality in dopamine receptors

86
Q

Diathesis stress model (vulnerability to mental illness) in schizophrenia

A

-inherited predisposition
-prenatal/childhood trauma (sexual or physical abuse), family conflict, significant life changes (all can protect or create)

Stronger the diathesis (genetic/biological vulnerability) the lower the stress needed to initiate the disorder)

87
Q

Using DSM-5

A
  1. Identity symptoms
  2. General category and determine individual disorders
  3. Duration and severity
  4. Rule out alternatives (drugs)
  5. Reason why we could go thru process, do they need?
88
Q

Four aspects of mental illness

A

-Statistical rarity (uncommon symptom or trait, just because its rare doesn’t mean there’s a mental illness)
-impairment (does the person have trouble living a good life because of… the symptoms)
-biological dysfunction (by itself does not mean mental illness)
-subjective distress (suffering means needing treatment, some disorders don’t cause distress)

89
Q

Societal disapproval

A

When society puts shame on people who live with a mental illness or have treatment for their distress
-could we be causing more harm than good for treating
-since it impacts the rest of their life

90
Q

DSM-5 other features

A

-prevalence of people having the disorder
-promotes bio psychosocial approach
-diversity of population

91
Q

Problems with DSM-5

A

-validity (mathematics disorder, people not good at math)
-comorbidity, several diagnosis fit
-categorical model (there is no imbetween)

92
Q

Mental illness and the law

A

-majority of schizophrenia are not aggressive, but if known to have will be treated AS aggressive
-insanity defence: requires people to not know: what they were doing at the crime, what they were doing was wrong

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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