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Psychology 105 > chapter 8 - thinking, reasoning and language > Flashcards

chapter 8 - thinking, reasoning and language Flashcards

1
Q

thinking

A

any mental activity or processing of information
-learning, remembering, perceiving

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2
Q

cognitive misers

A

invests as little mental energy as possible unless neccesary to do again
-allows for cognitive economy

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3
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts to increase our thinkning effciency

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4
Q

cognitive economy

A

allows us to simplify what we attend to and keep the infromation we need for decision making to a manageable minimum

-short cut (top down processing —> automatic)
-best use of thinking capacity

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5
Q

how is cognitive economy a mixed blessing

A

lead us to faulty conclusions
-occasionally be wildly wrong

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6
Q

cognitive biases

A

systematic error in thinking

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7
Q

representatitve heuristic

A

heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event on how prevalent that event has been in past expereince

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8
Q

avaliability heuristic

A

we estimate the likelihood of an occurence based on how easily it comes to our minds

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9
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendancy to overestimate how well we knew something, after its happened
-feel like we knew what it was before, only because we saw the answer

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10
Q

linguistic determinism

A

suggests we cannot expereince thought without language
-thought represented verbally
-not very strong argument

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11
Q

Top down processing

A

Using prior knowledge to influence responses
-build off of what we already know
-fast and efficient

-categories and schemas

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12
Q

Concepts

A

Where we make categories to sort

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13
Q

schema

A

Very quickly access information, by organizing like by like

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14
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Brain processes only information it receives, does not fill in the gap
-constructing meaning in that moment

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15
Q

Automaticity

A

Muscle memory, a feature of top down processing

-how to walk, don’t need to think to do it

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16
Q

Dechunking

A

Take the skill and break it into multiple parts

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17
Q

Extreme version of top down processing

A

Linguistic determinism

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18
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

Characteristics of language shape our through processes
-sapir whorf hypothesis

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19
Q

Sapir whorf hypothesis

A

Some domains are more influenced by language than others
-linguistic relatively

-interpretation more directed at language—> meaning—> relayed in words (crashed versus bumped)

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20
Q

Strop interference tasks

A

Automaticity can interfere with our ability to think about what is just in front of us, since it forces us into top down processing

-as you get better at reading, the worse you do in this test

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21
Q

Language and reading

A

Are highly practiced and become automatic
-because of prior knowledge

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22
Q

Strop effect wont happen

A

If you don’t understand the language
-don’t have top down processing or automaticity

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23
Q

Language influences

A

The way we think

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24
Q

Language

A

-serves as social and emotional
-textbook definition**

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25
Why does language interfere with thinking
Has many structural features -phonemes (sound) -morphemes -syntax -extralinguistic information
26
Phonemes
Sounds words/letters make
27
Morphemes
smallest meaning behind words, S - more than one
28
Syntax
rules for proper grammar, how we put words together, S always goes at end of word
29
Extralinguistic information
Important for understanding meaning -nonverbal -context, tone of voice
30
Properties of language
-generative -arbitrary and symbolic -specialized brain areas -developmental stages
31
ASL / sign language
Type of language developed to allow people to use visual rather than auditory communication -arbitrary and symbolic (have no relationship to the word at all) -babies pass through developmental stages while using language (language is not limited to verbal, it can be visual as well) -similar properties as spoken language
32
Bilingualism
Proficient and fluent in two languages
33
Time sensitive period
More receptive in a certain age to learn different language -bilingualism -earlier exposed, better it is to learn (same brain regions of developmental stages) -if older ages pick up language, different areas of the brain will be used
34
Nativist view of language
People are born with some language knowledge -language acquisition device in the brain Problem: cannot be falsified, how do i prove or disprove this theory
35
Pragmatic view of language
Infants understand a great deal of how other people are thinking, innate -social environment, structure of language learning Problem: how do we measure, or falsify this? *ethical
36
General cognitive processing account of language
We have general skills that are applied across a variety of activities Problem: use of language needs a specific processing skill, that differs from other thinking skills. Cannot be applied across all thinking properties, language is unique
37
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts -rule of thumb -help categorize and understand all information we take in -help make decisions and efficiency -most of the time we are correct
38
Representative heuristic
Judge something on the probability they are similar to a prototype -assuming someone’s major
39
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of the occurrence based on how easily to comes into the head -what is in top of mind -emotional
40
Base rate information
Using probability to assume
41
Confirmation bias
Tendency to seek out information we already believe in, and ignore information that goes against our belief -only see from your POV -referees calls in games
42
System one thinking
Rapid and intuitive -below consciousness/anything with automaticity/using heuristics Eg- picking ice cream flavour
43
System two thinking
Slow and analytical -deliberate thinking/critical thinking Eg- who to get married too, pros and cons list
44
Is one system of thinking better than the other?
Depends -does it require a lot of thought, or is it a matter of preference
45
Paralysis by analysis
Over thinking so much (system 2 thinking is so hard) that you stop altogether
46
Framing
Is a way a question is formulated that affects decision making -80 percent success rate versus 20 percent failure rate
47
Neuroeconomics
How the brain works while we’re making decisions -biology behind decisions -functional MRI to look at areas in brain while making decisions, like reward systems
48
Problem solving
Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a specific goal
49
Algorithms
Use a step by step solution to solve a problem Problem: inflexible, need to follow stages in particular sequence
50
Analogies
Solve within similar structures -substitute oil for butter, applesauce for eggs
51
Mental set
Requires you to generate alternatives that are outside of the box
52
Functional fixedness
Not being able to view an object as anything other than the object -hammer is a hammer
53
How animals communicate
Verbal, vocal, visual
54
Can we teach animals to learn language
Not very successful -vocal apparatus is not as advanced as humans (limiting) No learning process, no syntax
55
Human communication vs animal communication
Human- generative, flexible, complex Animal- non complex, non flexible
56
Does complex language make it more effective
Mate call —> mate appears —> effective + needs met
57
generative
language is flexible, use words in a variety of ways to express different things
58
arbituary and symolic
words and ideas stand for things without physically representing it - dog is a dog, but the letters don’t LOOK like a dog
59
specialized brain areas
specialized before born, until age of twenty five, very specific to comprehension and speech, shows that language is tied to thinking all of its interconnected
60
devlopmental stages
babbling phase in young babies, which gradually resembles language they speak, all babies regardless of language experience this stage, predisposed

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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