Chapter 9 - How we Remember & Forget

Question 1

Memory Retrieval Includes?

Answer 1

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

Question 2

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve concludes?

Answer 2

forgetting occurs most rapidly in the first 20 min, a moderate rate until one hour had passed, and then very gradually for the next 31 days.

Question 3

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve experiment

Answer 3

1. Learnt lists of pronounceable, nonsense syllables
2. Tested himself until perfect score
3. Waited for various periods of time
4. Tested himself again to see what % of learnt material he had retained

Question 4

EFC results?

Answer 4

More than 50% of material was forgotten in 1st hour

If material was originally over learnt then it is likely retained for longer with greater accuracy

Question 5

The encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) states?

Answer 5

the associations formed at the time of encoding new memories will be the most effective retrieval cues.

Question 6

Context-dependent cues?

Answer 6

External environment (i.e. sounds, smells, temp)

Question 7

State dependent cues?

Answer 7

Internal environment (i.e. mood, level of anxiety, medication, sober/intoxicated)

Question 8

Ineffective encoding includes

Answer 8

Pseudo-forgetting

Disruption to encoding

Question 9

Retrieval failure theory

Answer 9

The inability to retrieve material due to an absence of the right cues or a failure to use them

Question 10

Retrieval cues?

Answer 10

mental prompts/ reminders can include physical objects, suggestions and verbal stimuli

Question 11

What is RFT caused by?

Answer 11

• Retrieval failure

- Interference

Question 12

Proactive interference

Answer 12

where older info moves forward to interfere with retrieval of more recently learnt similar information

Question 13

Retroactive interference

Answer 13

where new info interferes with the retrieval of older information stored in the memory

Question 14

How to Improve Memory?

Answer 14

1. Chunking
2. Rehearsal
3. Mnemonics

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Question 16

Rehearsal

Answer 16

repeating info over and over again keeping it in STM

Question 17

Mnemonics

Answer 17

Strategies to help improve our ability both to encode material into memory and to retrieve it when needed

Question 18

Examples of Mnemonics

Answer 18

Visualisation
Verbalisation
Rhythm & rhyme
Method of loci
SQ4R method

Question 19

Method of Loci

Answer 19

Spatial memory used for quick recall (recall of faces, digits and lists of words)

Question 20

SQ4R Meaning

Answer 20

S = CAN
Q = UESTION
R = EAD
R = EFLECT
R= ECITE
R = EVIEW

Question 21

Aging effect on memory?

Answer 21

aging causes body to slow down,

loss of neurons & synapses in specific brain areas can lead to memory loss / recall ability