Chapter 11 - Social Psychology

Question 1

Socialisation

Answer 1

a lifelong process of inheriting & disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies

Question 2

Primary Socialisation is mainly influenced by?

Answer 2

immediate family and friends

Question 3

Primary Socialisation (in childhood)

Answer 3

the acceptance & learning of norms and values

Question 4

Secondary Socialisation

Answer 4

the process of learning what is the appropriate behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society

Question 5

Sex & Gender Definitions

Answer 5

Sex: biological sex (genitalia of a M/F/B)
Gender: the social expectations and practices associated

Question 6

Gender identity definition

Answer 6

the psychological sense of oneself as a man or a woman

Question 7

Evolutionary Psychology (Natural Selection) theory states

Answer 7

the fittest survive, pass their genes to offspring

‘Gender roles are determined only by natural selection pressures, not genes’

Question 8

EPT stereotypical male

Answer 8

aggressive & competitive, to attract female partner and reproduce

Question 9

EPT stereotypical female

Answer 9

nurturing, to ensure survival of offspring

Question 10

Gender Role formations, biological approach states

Answer 10

the development of gender is dictated by physiological processes within the individual and develops as a part of physical maturation (androgens determines gender)

Question 11

Gender Role formations, biosocial approach states

Answer 11

the development of gender is the result of the interaction between biological predisposition and social factors

Question 12

Biological case study, Gorski et al (1985)

Answer 12

injected female rats with testosterone prior to birth (behaviour was masculinized)

Question 13

Biological case study, Imperato & McGinely (1974)

Answer 13

Batista family, gene mutation caused external features of girls, but physically developed into men at puberty (raised as girls). They demonstrated masculine gender roles and heterosexual behaviour.

Question 14

Biological case study, Money (1972)

Answer 14

girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Found that they exhibited male gender roles. Moneys argument is that high levels of testosterone while in the room have determine the girls behaviour.

Question 15

Biosocial study, Money & Erhardt (1972)

Answer 15

developed theory stating children are born gender neutral and only develop gender later as a result of the combination of biological and socializing factors

Question 16

Biosocial study, Van Goozen et al (1995)

Answer 16

proved hormone replacement therapy (testosterone) leads to an increase in visuospatial awareness and aggression, typical masculine traits.

Question 17

Biosocial study, Money & Erhardt (1972), Study of David Reimer

Answer 17

David was raised as a girl (Brenda) after losing his genitalia due to an accident during circumcision, in spite of being raised as a girl, he always felt that he was a boy and eventually has sexual correction surgery and took hormone replacements

Question 18

Kohlberg (1966) Cognitive Theory of Gender has which 3 focus

Answer 18

Gender identity
Gender Stability
Gender Constancy

Question 19

KCTOG division of gender identity states

Answer 19

between the ages of 2 & 3 children

Understand if they are male or female but don’t know why

Are unable to understand that sex will never change

Attribute gender to physical characteristics

Question 20

KCTOG division of gender stability states

Answer 20

between the ages of 3 & 4 children

understand that their sex will never change, but can’t apply this to others

still attribute gender to physical characteristics

Question 21

KCTOG division of gender constancy states

Answer 21

age 5 children

begin to understand that sex is constant over time for all people

Identify male or female related to genitals

understand that physical characteristics and sex is not linked

Question 22

Gender Schema Theory (Martin et al (1995)) presented?

Answer 22

presented four-year old with new toys (never have seen before) and which where gender neutral. Children predicted that the same sex children would like the toys as much as they did, and the other sex children would not.

Question 23

Factors of the Social Learning Theory

Answer 23

role of parents
schools
media

Question 24

Social learning theorists argue?

Answer 24

gender behaviour is learned through observation, imitation and shaping

Question 25

Vicarious Reward

Answer 25

When a child observes a behaviour being rewarded

Question 26

Vicarious Punishment

Answer 26

When a child observes a behaviour being punished

Question 27

Benefits of the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 27

acknowledges the influence of social and cultural factors and how they shape gender roles

Question 28

Negatives of the Social Learning Theory

Answer 28

No explanation for the variation in conformity

It suggests that gender is passively required

Question 29

SLT Research examples

Answer 29

Fagot (1978)
Condry & Condry (1976)
Lytton & Romney (1991)
Stoufe (1993)

Question 30

Social influence theory Herbert Kelman (1958) states

Answer 30

Attitudes and beliefs expresses are influenced by association within family, social groups, and the wider society.

Question 31

Conformity

Answer 31

Type of social influence defined by a change in belief or behaviour in response to a real or imagined social pressure

Question 32

Social Influence (Three Factors)

Answer 32

Compliance
Identification
Internalisation

Question 33

SIT Compliance

Answer 33

When people present themselves as agreeing with attitudes or beliefs

Question 34

SIT Identification

Answer 34

Behaviour changes in response to influence of someone within contest of situation, to gain social acceptance.

Question 35

SIT Internalisation

Answer 35

Belief/attitude is accepted and taken on