Chapter 11 - Social Psychology Flashcards
Socialisation
a lifelong process of inheriting & disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies
Primary Socialisation is mainly influenced by?
immediate family and friends
Primary Socialisation (in childhood)
the acceptance & learning of norms and values
Secondary Socialisation
the process of learning what is the appropriate behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society
Sex & Gender Definitions
Sex: biological sex (genitalia of a M/F/B)
Gender: the social expectations and practices associated
Gender identity definition
the psychological sense of oneself as a man or a woman
Evolutionary Psychology (Natural Selection) theory states
the fittest survive, pass their genes to offspring
‘Gender roles are determined only by natural selection pressures, not genes’
EPT stereotypical male
aggressive & competitive, to attract female partner and reproduce
EPT stereotypical female
nurturing, to ensure survival of offspring
Gender Role formations, biological approach states
the development of gender is dictated by physiological processes within the individual and develops as a part of physical maturation (androgens determines gender)
Gender Role formations, biosocial approach states
the development of gender is the result of the interaction between biological predisposition and social factors
Biological case study, Gorski et al (1985)
injected female rats with testosterone prior to birth (behaviour was masculinized)
Biological case study, Imperato & McGinely (1974)
Batista family, gene mutation caused external features of girls, but physically developed into men at puberty (raised as girls). They demonstrated masculine gender roles and heterosexual behaviour.
Biological case study, Money (1972)
girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Found that they exhibited male gender roles. Moneys argument is that high levels of testosterone while in the room have determine the girls behaviour.
Biosocial study, Money & Erhardt (1972)
developed theory stating children are born gender neutral and only develop gender later as a result of the combination of biological and socializing factors
Biosocial study, Van Goozen et al (1995)
proved hormone replacement therapy (testosterone) leads to an increase in visuospatial awareness and aggression, typical masculine traits.
Biosocial study, Money & Erhardt (1972), Study of David Reimer
David was raised as a girl (Brenda) after losing his genitalia due to an accident during circumcision, in spite of being raised as a girl, he always felt that he was a boy and eventually has sexual correction surgery and took hormone replacements
Kohlberg (1966) Cognitive Theory of Gender has which 3 focus
Gender identity
Gender Stability
Gender Constancy
KCTOG division of gender identity states
between the ages of 2 & 3 children
Understand if they are male or female but don’t know why
Are unable to understand that sex will never change
Attribute gender to physical characteristics
KCTOG division of gender stability states
between the ages of 3 & 4 children
understand that their sex will never change, but can’t apply this to others
still attribute gender to physical characteristics
KCTOG division of gender constancy states
age 5 children
begin to understand that sex is constant over time for all people
Identify male or female related to genitals
understand that physical characteristics and sex is not linked
Gender Schema Theory (Martin et al (1995)) presented?
presented four-year old with new toys (never have seen before) and which where gender neutral. Children predicted that the same sex children would like the toys as much as they did, and the other sex children would not.
Factors of the Social Learning Theory
role of parents
schools
media
Social learning theorists argue?
gender behaviour is learned through observation, imitation and shaping
Vicarious Reward
When a child observes a behaviour being rewarded
Vicarious Punishment
When a child observes a behaviour being punished
Benefits of the Social Learning Theory?
acknowledges the influence of social and cultural factors and how they shape gender roles
Negatives of the Social Learning Theory
No explanation for the variation in conformity
It suggests that gender is passively required
SLT Research examples
Fagot (1978)
Condry & Condry (1976)
Lytton & Romney (1991)
Stoufe (1993)
Social influence theory Herbert Kelman (1958) states
Attitudes and beliefs expresses are influenced by association within family, social groups, and the wider society.
Conformity
Type of social influence defined by a change in belief or behaviour in response to a real or imagined social pressure
Social Influence (Three Factors)
Compliance
Identification
Internalisation
SIT Compliance
When people present themselves as agreeing with attitudes or beliefs
SIT Identification
Behaviour changes in response to influence of someone within contest of situation, to gain social acceptance.
SIT Internalisation
Belief/attitude is accepted and taken on
